Justice System Position Essay

Adolescent crime percentages in the United States tumbled to another 32-year low in 2013. In 2012 there were around 60,000 fierce wrongdoing captures including adolescents younger than 18. From 2011 to 2012 there was a 10% decrease in the quantity of youth captures for every one of the four offenses, which added to a general drop of 36 percent since 2003. In 1994, police revealed 500 vicious youth wrongdoing captures for each 100,000 10-17-olds in the populace. In 2008, the capture rate fell and there were 300 captures for each 100,000 adolescents in the populace. Presently, somewhere in the range of 2009 and 2012, there are 190 captures for each 100,000 adolescents (â€Å"Violent Youth Crime in U.S. tumbles to New 32-Year Low†, 2013). What do every one of these numbers speak to? Another expectation later on for the adolescent in the United States. A portion of the principle reasons adding to this sensational diminishing in adolescent capture rates remember a move for ponderin g the most ideal approaches to deal with youngsters who violate the law, a constant time of diminishing adolescent wrongdoing, and financial weights on state governments that have numerous individuals, including preservationists who bolstered intense on-wrongdoing arrangements, searching for more affordable choices to mass imprisonment. The United States rates for detainment for adolescents are18 times more prominent that of France, and in excess of multiple times more prominent than that of Britain. Nations like Finland or Sweden don't for the most part lock up youthful wrongdoers and offer the young the best chances to develop into adulthood. Enormous scope detainment just prompts misuse and cruel treatment for the youngsters and adolescents restricted, and it is pricey. Indeed a normal bed in an adolescent adjustment office costs about $88,000 every year. Placing pained youth into incredibly taught, prohibitive, and long haul conditions conflicts with everything that we think about the adolescent cerebrum and accepts away open doors from these teenagers to learn new abilities and positive methods of carrying on. Most states pressure detainment and discipline and it is meddling with compelling diversionary, treatment, and restoration works on (â€Å"Building a More Effective Juvenile System†, 2014). Restora tion rehearses appear to be the most coherent course to treatingâ delinquent youth and setting them up for a superior future. They are the fate of America and they are dealt with now will influence the crime percentages later on. Various proof based practices have had a beneficial outcome on decreased imprisonment and reoffending for youth. Exploration shows that undermining and disciplinary collaborations, imprisonment, and discipline just increment the forceful conduct that we see in disturbed youth. To support our childhood and keep on diminishing the paces of wrongdoing and re-affronting we can lessen the weight on imprisonment and discipline and increment offenders’ collaborations with positive very much prepared grown-ups that will assist them with turning out to be better people. Adolescent misconduct has been a significant issue for law requirement officials. Law authorization officials have an objective to keep adolescent misconduct from occurring. Without realizing what triggers misconduct, officials have no clue about how to stop it before it occurs. In the past law requirements response to reprobate conduct was to capture these people. With the sensational abatement in youth captures, it has any kind of effect in what cops are managing each day. It likewise makes their occupations more secure. On the off chance that law authorization sat idle, at that point adolescents would keep on doing an inappropriate. Law implementation should show enthusiasm for the young people in the networks that they serve. Conversing with them, posing inquiries, and pointing them the correct way could transform them. Cops are good examples and even can be saints. In 2001 San Diego cop Jeremy Henwood was drawn closer by a 13-year-old kid and requested a dime to purchase a treat at McDonalds. Official Henwood took some time and asked the kid what he needed to be the point at which he grew up. The kid answered that he needed to turn into a b-ball player in the NBA. Official Henwood disclosed to him that he would need to try sincerely and center to arrive. He purchased the kid a few treats and returned to his police cruiser. Just minutes after the fact Officer Henwood was gunned down in his vehicle and killed. At the point when this kid heard the news it made himextremely upset and he said that his discussion with Officer Henwood implied such a great amount to him. He said he could always remember the discussion that they had. It had any kind of effect to him. He said that he would make a solid effort to arrive at his objectives as a result of him (â€Å"Slain San Diego Officer Remembered for Good Deeds†, 2011). Law authorization can have any kind of effect for our childhood and through these endeavors decrease wrongdoing and make their employments simpler. Adolescent courts and probation assume a focal job in the administration of adolescent equity in the United States. Any strategies and projects pushed by these units extraordinarily characterize the Nation’s reaction to adolescent wrongdoing. In 1996 1.76 million wrongdoing cases were taken care of by U.S. courts and adolescent post trial agents had contact with pretty much all of those cases. While rates have diminished since 1996, it despite everything puts a colossal load on the two units (â€Å"Overview†, 1999). While it may cost more to restore and treat every single adolescent wrongdoer from the outset, the quantity of reoffenders would diminish radically. They could be trained how to utilize the abilities they were brought into the world with, learn new aptitudes, and figure out how to be fruitful throughout everyday life. In the long run the weight would not exclusively be off of the court and probation framework, yet in addition off of the restoration programs. Another unit in the equity framework that would be influenced by recovery is redresses. As of now adjustment offices do offer a type of restoration for those prisoners who pick it or must choose between limited options. Due to levels of popularity, only one out of every odd reprobate can get the particular treatment that they need. In the event that restoration took need in any case, the detainment rates would unquestionably diminish and these offices could give individualized treatment. As I referenced before, to give a bed to one youth for a year costs on normal $88,000. On the off chance that these numbers diminished, these assets could be utilized to give grants and different impetuses to our childhood. Presently people group administrations are utilized as a discipline for adolescent delinquents rather than detainment. It typically is a technique used to show a reprobate that there are outcomes to their activities. Significant people group administration alongside legitimate tre atment can show kids and youthful adolescents that there is a lot more to life than falling into difficulty. It is an incredible method to offer back to the network and help these children feel significant. Restoration comes in numerous structures however its primary objective is to reestablish the positive qualities in an individual and forestall constant culpable. These focuses can give scholarly and professional training, treatment programsâ that address savage and criminal conduct, sex guilty party conduct, substance misuse, psychological well-being projects, and clinical consideration while keeping up a sheltered and secure condition gainful to learning. Projects, for example, these could decrease institutional viciousness and future criminal conduct by showing against criminal perspectives and giving individual aptitudes to young people. With all that stated, a few people contend that discipline is fundamental and ought to remain the principle focal point of the adolescent equity framework. Discipline advocates express that our childhood see directly from wrong and ought to be rebuffed for their activities. I imagine that what these supporters don't understand is the thing that t hese children are confronting when they are bolted up. The conditions that will live in while they carry out the time on their punishment may really transform them for the more regrettable. Possibly if these promoters went through a day or seven days living the manner in which an imprisoned adolescent does their conclusions would change drastically. A contention against recovery is that adolescent restoration is exceptional for every person. What attempts to treat one child probably won't work for another. It makes it harder to treat every adolescent and get positive outcomes. With each new section into the framework, the odds of restoration for each child diminishes. That shouldn’t imply that everybody surrenders expectation and bolts up every reprobate until they believe they have been rebuffed long enough. What this shows is that more assets and time ought to be invested into recovery amounts of energy. Making offices that represent considerable authority in various regions and setting these young people where they believe they will flourish is required. On the off chance that it doesn’t work, the data that they have found out about that reprobate ought to be sufficient to send them to another office where they will get the best possible administrations. Before a youngster turns three years of age the state is l iable for all learning handicaps. It is the activity of the state to assess that kid and offer types of assistance to enable that kid to meet their achievements. When the kid turns three years of age the educational system in the state gets answerable for the learning improvement of that youngster. The educational system will assess and put the kid into a school that will work to improve the aptitudes of this kid. On the off chance that there are no upgrades, the youngster will get another assessment and changes in arrangement will be made. This procedure proceeds until the youngster is accepting the specific learning condition that they need. I know the entirety of this from individual involvement in my child. These equivalent endeavors ought to be utilized for young people heading in the wrongâ direction. They are the eventual fate of America and with youth capture rates previously diminishing, there is an opportunity for a more secure future for many individuals. Discipline can drive an individual mad and angry. A youngster is normally given alerts that on the off chance that they proceed with certain conduct they will end up in â€Å"time out† or have certain toys or hardware removed. When they go through every single imaginable admonition that punis

Rizal Report free essay sample

Dejarme, Ryan M. Part 8: Rizal at the Dominican University of the Philippines Rizal’s consummation of the Bachiller en Artes at Ateneo Municipal qualified him for confirmation for higher investigations in a college. Despite the fact that her mom contradicted to Rizal’s quest for advanced education inspired by a paranoid fear of what may befall him because of the affliction of Gomburza, Don Francisco chose to send him to UST, the Dominican college of the Philippines. Enlistment at the University of Santo Tomas ? Rizal was unsure of what course to seek after. His previous Jesuit coaches proposed he took up organization or cultivating. Rizal thought about writing, law and medication. His sibling, Paciano, disheartened him to take law because of the political states of the nation that time. ? 1887-1888. During his first year, he took up Philosophy and Letters since it was the course his dad needed and that he couldn't request exhortation from Father Ramon Pablo, the minister of Ateneo, who was at Mindanao that time. We will compose a custom article test on Rizal Report or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page ? He took up seminars on Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy, and History of Philosophy ? He additionally took on a looking over course in Ateneo were he was presented the title on November 25, 1881 since he was underage at the time he breezed through the last assessment. ? After first year, he moved to medication since he was exhorted by Father Ramon to take up this course and in light of the fact that he needed to fix her mom who previously had bombing visual perception. Scholarly Performance at UST ? Rizal’s scholastic records from 1878 to 1882 validate his average execution at UST. ? Three variables to his exhibition can be followed: the antagonistic vibe of the Dominican teachers to Rizal;racial segregation, and out of date and oppressive strategy for guidance at UST. Other 3 reasons are: Medicine isn't generally Rizal’s occupation; disappointment with the Dominican arrangement of training; and energizing interruptions of youth. He additionally met Segunda Katigbak during this time however in the wake of discovering that Segunda was to be hitched turned her endeavors on Leonor Rivera, her first cousin. ? His evaluations were normal, in any case, it demonstrated that he was not for medication yet for human expressions. Radicalism and Filipino Students at UST ? Flood of liberal thoughts can be ascribed to the consummation of Spanish Civil Wars, opening of Suez Canal and opening of Philippines to world exchange. The liberal thoughts influenced the understudies because of 3 significant upsets: insurgency of the faculties against power of devotion; upheaval of human explanation against consoling certitudes of questioning; and unrest of race against country disparity and coercion. ? He joined Artistico Literario de Manila, a gathering of workmanship sweethearts who had composing rivalries. His entrances, A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) and El Consejo de los Dioses (Council of the Gods) were decreed best in a similar rivalry which demonstrated that Filipinos can rise to or even outperform Spaniards in artistic ability. A La Juventud Filipina. 1879 passage composed by Rizal wh en he was just 18 years of age. ? El Consejo de los Dioses. A purposeful anecdote in commendation of Cervantes as a corresponding of Homer and Virgil. The section was decreed best, yet the jury, in the wake of realizing that it was a Filipino who composed it, gave the prize to a Spaniard ? Junto al Pasig. A one demonstration play in festivity of the Feast Day of the Immaculate Concepcion. It is considered as a prediction of 50 years of insurgency, a great many attacks, annihilation, oppression and common tumult. It likewise read how the Filipino youth ought to rebuke outsider individuals causing these torments. ? A Filipinas. A piece written in 1880 not exclusively to laud the Philippines for its excellence yet to urge the Filipino specialists to extol the nation through their works of art. Understudy Activism at UST ? Spanish and mestizo understudies named Filipinos as indio or chongo. Rizal and his buddy fought back by calling them kastila or bangus. Along these lines, understudy thunders ejected wherein Rizal figured for all time because of his abilities in fencing and wrestling combined with boldness. Rizal sorted out a mystery society of Filipino understudies called Compa? erismo whose individuals called themselves, Buddies of Jehu, loyalist general of the Jews. Rizal became leader of this gathering with Galiciano Apacible as secretary. Choice to go to Europe ? Subsequent to finishing his fourth year in medication, he chose to leave the counry for Europe, mostly in light of his mistake in UST, where he chose to proceed with his examination in Barcelona, Spain. On May 26, 1882, Paciano composed a letter to Rizal which truly indicated that he chose to go to Europe to take on a journey to a totally different world.

A Night with Cranium

A Night with Cranium MIT: Where we make nerdy things fun. Exhibit A: Mystery Hunt Team Party Saturday January 20 As if doing puzzles and brain teasers for an entire weekend was not enough, our recent team party included a night filled of Cranium. Some of my favorite quotes from the night: In a Club Cranium round of Cloodle, I attempted to draw Babys Breath: Diana: Are your eyes open? (Keep in mind Cloodle is the sketching competition where your eyes are open. In Sensosketch, your eyes are closed.) Apparently my doodles werent working. In a Club Cranium round of Humdinger, Diana and others hum the theme song to Star Wars: Shahar: Star Wars! Bryan: I was about to say that. Jenna: Ive never seen Star Wars. Diana: Neither have I. There you have it folks, you can go to MIT without having seen Star Wars. A few clutch photos from the evening: I think we scared Yonas. Exhibit B: MIT Integration Bee, First Round: Thursday January 25, 2007 Integration Bee Qualifying Testing Stop by at any point during the session, for a quick test of your single variable integration skills. Top scorers qualify for the Integration Bee. No knowledge beyond 18.01 necessary. First SpellboundNEXT: Derivativeboundmaybe?

Reading Comprehension Case Study - 14945 Words

Case Study: â€Å"Lucy† Amanda M. Cyprowski Assessment Instruction in Reading Mrs. Jennifer Unger December 4, 2013 CONTENT OF ANALYSIS Personal Interest Survey Pages 3-5 Elementary Reading Attitude Survey Pages 6-9 Words Their Way: Primary Spelling Inventory Pages 10-13 Burns Roe: Informal Reading Inventory Graded Word Lists Pages 14-17 Oral Reading Passages Pages 18-23 Silent Reading Passages Pages 24-29 Listening Comprehension Passages Pages 30-34 Conclusion of Results Pages 35-36 Fountas Pinnell: Benchmark Assessments Oral Reading Pages 39-42 Written Retelling Pages 43-47 Results Pages 48-36 Case Study Response Pages 54-68†¦show more content†¦After the survey was over, Lucy was walked back to the class where she laid down and began to read a book right away. Based on the discussion of Lucy’s personal interests inside and outside of school, it may be motivational and effective to inform reading and writing instruction by using her favorite book series, Jack and Annie by Mary Pope Osbourne. The series follows a brother and series through their time travels to places in the past, the future, and places that are only in their imagination. Lucy lit up talking about the book series and mentioned that she would like to take a magic carpet ride to Paris, France to ride around in an â€Å"electric wheel chair.† She made it known that the magic carpet ride would have to take place in the future because in the past there was â€Å"no sunscreen and everything was cheap.† Since Lucy enjoys time travel and animals, it may enhance her word and reading study by incorporate book with those themes. The Personal Interest Survey was the first assessment to be administered to the student. The next survey to be administered to the student will be the Elementary Reading Attitude Survey. ELEMENTARY READING ATTITUDE SURVEY The Elementary Reading Attitude Survey—a reliable efficient instrument used by teachers to determine the student’s attitude toward reading which is a central factor affecting reading performance—was administered to Lucy, a 7 year old second grader, onShow MoreRelatedReading Comprehension And The Key Pillars Of Reading Instruction1609 Words   |  7 PagesReading comprehension is the ability to read the text, process what you just read and then be able to understand what you read well enough to explain it to a fellow peer clearly and precisely. Reading comprehension is a link in the chain that is the five pillars of reading instruction. The first pillar being phonemes, second is phonics, third and fourth is fluency and vocabulary and finally the fifth is comprehension. It’s the caboose of the pillars you might say. 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Emperor of all maladies Essay - 8098 Words

Praise for The Emperor of All Maladies â€Å"A compulsively readable, surprisingly uplifting, and vivid tale. thrilling .† —o, t he oprah maga z in e â€Å"[An] essential piece of medical journalism.† —T im e â€Å"A meticulously researched, panoramic history . . . What makes Mukherjee’s narrative so remarkable is that he imbues decades of painstaking laboratory investigation with the suspense of a mystery novel and urgency of a thriller.† —The Boston Globe â€Å"riveting and powerful .† —San Fr a n c isco C hr on ic le â€Å"remarkable . . . The reader devours this fascinating book . . . Mukherjee is a clear and determined writer. . . . An unusually humble, insightful book.† —Los An ge le s T im e s â€Å"extraordinary . . . So often†¦show more content†¦In some nations, cancer will surpass heart disease to become the most common cause of death. Mukherjee_Emperor_i-588_PTR.indd 15 6/22/11 12:59 PM Author’s Note This book is a history of cancer. 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Peak Garage Door Swot Analysis Free Essays

Case 2: Yorktown Technologies Group 7 I. Problem definition: Trying to find a marketing and distribution strategy that would help the company reach its revenue goals. II. We will write a custom essay sample on Peak Garage Door Swot Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now SWOT Analysis: 1-Strengths: †¢ The company raised additional capital to fund its business operations and had more than three dozen different investors †¢ The firm will be launching the first commercially available biotech animal in the U. S †¢ Yorktown Technologies grabbed the attention of the media and the news of the upcoming Glo fish launch was on the front pages of many famous magazines †¢ $ 4 million out of $ 700 million was spent on Yorktown Technologies products by consumers. †¢ Yorktown technologies’ suppliers and distributors have been regular suppliers of tropical fish to the 3 major retail chains †¢ The company was given exclusive rights to lines of red, green, yellow and orange fluorescent zebra fish which provided the company with an effective barrier to entry against potential competitors 2-Weaknesses: Generated more than $ 120,000 loss in 2004 †¢ There is no enough money to support a national advertising campaign †¢ Not being able to sell the Glofish in California which is an important market with high population †¢ High demand on limited supply †¢ Some countries are still not convinced with the safety of the GloFish 3-Opportunities: †¢ California is a very important market that has a population of 33 million who are willing to buy innovative products †¢ International markets where the fish can be sold mainly Asia †¢ Zebra fish are known to be very popular ornamental fish with more than 200 million sold in the U. S alone †¢ Two dozen regional wholesalers located throughout the country distribute freshwater ornamental fish to an estimated 5000 retail establishments for sale to consumers †¢ Total sales of pet stores are increasing at an annual rate of 7% †¢ Consumer market for freshwater ornamental fish and related products in U. S exceeds $700 million annually and is growing at a rate of 9% a year 4-Threats: †¢ The blanket regulation that the California Fish and Game Commission passed and that prohibited the possession of genetically modified fish in California †¢ Number of pet stores in U. S is declining at annual rate of 2% †¢ The anti-biotechnology groups that are trying to stop or disrupt the launching of Yorktown Technologies by spreading misinformation about the safety of the fish †¢ The ethical and environmental questions regarding the sale of the genetically modified fish †¢ The strong competition in Asia especially Taiwan where genetically modified fish is being sold and rumors say that some of them are being introduced in the U. S III-Alternative courses of action: 1-Alternative one: Opening a Glofish Kiosk in a shopping mall Advantages |Disadvantages | |Shopping mall kiosks have enjoyed explosive growth in |High renting cost per year | |terms of revenue and numbers |Customers might get confused with the availability of | |Offering GloFish branded tanks and supplies |different products | |These outlets sells variety of products |Small space | -Alternative two: Possibility of marketing the Glofish product line through the internet directly to con sumers Advantages |Disadvantages | |no rent costs |Availability of numerous dot com firms that marketed | |no operating costs other than delivery |tropical fish to consumers | |ability to offer and show customers the variety of |Competitive prices | |products available for GloFish |Delivery cost is high | 3-Alternative three: Selling the fish through international markets |Advantages |Disadvantages | |Increased sales |must consider foreign regulations that would apply to | |High market share |the genetically modified fish | |High brand awareness by consumer due to the expansion |cannot market the product in all countries | | |high competition with similar products and prices | IV-Recommended course of action: My suggestion is to go with the first recommendation that states to open kiosks in shopping malls Reason of choice: Due to the fact that malls are explosively growing in numbers and revenue and this would be a great benefit for Yorktown Technologies. V-Recommendations: a-What should be done? Showing people the value Glofish add b-Who should do it? Middle management (marketing and distribution department) and the sales team that is in contact with the customers – When should it be done? As soon as all people are aware that the following fish are harmless and the regulations allow their sale. d- How should it be done? -displaying then fish in a way that will show their true color and glow which will be the first thing that will attract the customers -offering competitive prices and promotions -always reminding people that they are not a threat e- How much it will cost? Rent is high which is between $12,000 and $36,000 per year and operating costs How to cite Peak Garage Door Swot Analysis, Papers

Environmental/Public Health Risks The Bhopal Gas Tragedy

Question: Describe about the Environmental/Public Health Risks for The Bhopal Gas Tragedy. Answer: Introduction Human beings are in constant interaction with their environment. As such, these interactions have an impact on the quality of life that they get to live healthy, and the health disparities. The relation of the environment to health is best defined by the World Health Organization as all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person and all the related behaviors (WHO, 2006). Therefore, environmental health comprises prevention or control of disease, disability, and injury related to the interaction between humans and their environment. One of the twenty-first-century key environmental health challenges is industrialization. It is a theme of major focus in many other disciplines of public policy; however, its the health discipline that particularly shows the shared outcome of a world thats globalizing, both the associated hazards and its potentials. While industrialization and the associated development provide opportunities for employment, socio-economic and education development, a number of environmental problems and health hazards also occur (Philp, 2015). Castleman (2013) reports that the impact of health determinants on people is sophisticated and the control of these determinants is often outside the capacity and responsibility of the health sector. For an effective action that can help solve urban related urban health problems, it is paramount that the efforts of various other sectors are incorporated like the non-governmental organizations, other government units, private companies, and the communities as well. As seen in the case of the Bhopal tragedy and those of other cities it is evident that governments of rapidly developing cities typically lack adequate revenues for the provision of public services. The rapid growth of the industry sector further strains the capacity of these governments to provide efficient health and safety procedures as necessary. More, it has been noted that the multinational corporations have a more powerful force than city governments in the provision of occupational health and safety and are more influential than even the local communities in mitigating this problem ("BBC News - Bhopal's health effects probed", 2009). This paper, therefore, analyses the Bhopal tragedy and gives a detailed report on the findings and concludes with a recommendation for future developments towards cautioning the environment and public health against similar incidences. Studies on human health are reviewed and the effects that resulted from the exposure to methyl isocyanate gas th at eventually leaked from the Union Carbide India Limited, Bhopal, in 1984. The studies were conducted both in the early and the late recovery periods (Mishra et al., 2009). Background of the Bhopal Tragedy In the 1970s, the Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) built a plant in Bhopal to manufacture Sevin, a commonly used pesticide across Asia. The government of India insisted that as part of the deal a significant percentage of the investment be from local shareholders (Shrivastav, 2011). As such, Indias government had a twenty-two percent stake in the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL), a subsidiary of the firm. Bhopal was chosen because of its strategic location and the access to transportation and labor. The location site had been zoned for light commercial and industrial investment and not for hazardous activities. Initially, the company was approved for the sole formulation of pesticides from component pesticides in small quantities like the methyl isocyanate (MIC) from the mother company. Nonetheless, with the pressure to compete effectively, UCIL was forced to employ a backward integration- manufacturing raw materials and intermediate formulation products within the local facility. T his process was inherently more complex and hazardous (Mishra et al., 2009). In the 1980s the demand for pesticides declined in the subcontinent due to widespread crop failure and famine. Consequently, the Bhopal plant was producing nearly one-quarter of its production capacity (Dhara and Dhara, 2002). Therefore, local managers were advised to prepare the facility for closure and subsequent sale due to decreased profitability. Unfortunately, no ready buyer was found and the company decided to dismantle several of its production units for shipment to another developing country. At the same time, the company continued to make production with safety standards way below those of the sister branch in West Virginia, USA. On the other hand, the local government was in fear of placing heavy safety and industrial pollution control burdens on the struggling large employer for economic reasons (Dhara, 1994). On the second of December 1984 at around 1100 hours, while most of the Bhopal residents slept, one of the plant operators discovered a leaking MIC gas as well as a rising pressure in a storage tank. Three weeks prior to this event, the vent gas scrubber which is supposed to neutralize toxic discharges from the MIC system had been turned off. Unfortunately, a faulty valve had allowed a ton of water used for pipe cleaning to mix with forty tons of MIC (Cullinan, Acquilla, and Dhara 1996; Eckerman, 2005). More, a refrigeration unit installed for safety purposes to cool the MIC tank had been transferred for use in another unit within the plant. This allowed the heat and pressure from the exothermic reaction inside the tank to continuously build up. Additionally, for three months, the gas flare system had been inactive. It was not until the next morning at around 0100 hours when a thunderous rumbling signaled a safety valve giving way sending a massive cloud of MIC gas into Bhopals mornin g air. Several hours later, the streets were filled with human corpses as well as livestock and birds carcasses. Nearly 3800 humans were found dead, mostly from the slum adjacent to the plant. Soon, local hospitals capacities were overwhelmed with patients. Even more challenging was the fact that physicians were not immediately aware of the exact gas that was causing the damage. This made Bhopal a synonymous name to industrial catastrophe marking the tragedy as one of the worst chemical disasters even experienced in the history of mankind (Cullinan, Acquilla, and Dhara, 1997) A few days later nearly 10,000 cases were reported and nearly 20,000 premature deaths in the next two decades. The government of India reported that more than 500, 000 citizens had been exposed to the harmful gas. Epidemiology studies that followed indicated a marked increase in the morbidity and mortality rates in the affected population (University of Minnesota, 2016). However, the data in these studies may have been an underrepresentation of the true picture since the number of people who migrated from the area was not accounted for. Evaluation of the Aftermath The events that followed the Bhopal gas leak led to a significant increase in the development of activism and environmental awareness in India. These led to the creation of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) following the passing of the Environment Protection Act in 1986. This Act gave MoEF the overall responsibility to administer and enforce environmental policies and laws. MoEF established integrated environmental strategies into all the industrial development plans in India. Nonetheless, the governments efforts to protect public health, wildlife, and the environment through policies have taken precedence following developments in the countrys economy for the last three decades since the occurrence of the tragedy. Evidently, the nature of the chemical industry could have undergone huge changes following the Bhopal disaster with a possible re-examination of the necessity for the production of such harmful products. Still, agricultural practices have not changed and the use of harmful pesticide is a norm even after the lesson of acute and chronic effects of exposure to the pesticide in Bhopal. It is estimated that nearly three million individuals suffer the consequences of pesticide poisoning with a large percentage coming from the agriculturally developing countries (Dhara et al., 2002). More, this contaminations cause nearly 20,000 in India every year (Dhara et al., 2002). an example is the case of the state of Kerala which recorded significant morbidity and mortality due to continued use of a hazardous pesticide, Endosulfan, years later after the gas leak in Bhopal (Singh and Bhadoria, 2013). Since the tragedy, UCC has been shrinking and is now owned by the Dow Chemical Company after it was restructured and divested. This move saved the company from a hostile takeover giving the top executive and the shareholders bountiful profits while placing the assets of UCC safely away from the legal reach of the victims. The company still holds that the disaster resulted from deliberate sabotage (University of Minnesota, 2016). Adding insult to injury, the company discontinued its operations in Bhopal but failed to do a thorough clean-up of what remained at the industrial site. Consequently, several toxic elements continue to leak from the plant and end up in local aquifers (see appendix A, Page ) (Dhara and Acquilla, 2013). As a result, dangerously contaminated water has been added to the legacy of UCC in Bhopal. Public Health Implication The UCC-Bhopal tragedy also referred to as the Bhopal disaster of 1984 is one of the most historic industrial disasters to have ever hit mankind. A leak of methyl isocyanate (MIC) and other gasses exposed hundreds of thousands of Bhopal residents to the hazardous effects of the plant (Dhara and Kriebel, 1993). In 2006, an official government declaration stated that the leak had caused nearly 558,000 injuries, 38,500 partial, and 3,900 permanent and severe disabling injuries (Dhara, 2013). Mass cremation and funerals were held as well as body disposal in River Narmada. Hospitals and temporary dispensaries treated approximately 170,000 patients. More than 2,000 livestock were collected and buried. The main composition of the gas cloud had materials that were denser than the surrounding air and therefore stay close to the surface, spreading outward to nearby communities (Varma and Mulay, 2015). Immediate effects of the exposure were vomiting, coughing, severe eye irritation, and a diffi culty in breathing. Shorter people, including children, were most affected as they inhaled concentration of the fumes. This section reviews the health effects of the gas exposure from published studies and gives details on some of the epidemiological and clinical issues being debated. Impact of the Disaster The direct results of the actual disaster were massive damages to the Bhopal population with regard to loss of life and property. These were just but the initial disaster. The wave of the effects of the initial triggered a chain of destructive events relating to the initial disaster through the cause-and-effect leading to indirect damages to the remote people. This can be referred to as the subsequent disaster. Physical Health Effects As discussed, the dense material in the gas cloud stayed close to the ground and rapidly spread outward through the surrounding community. The initial effects were vomiting, coughing, severe eye irritation and difficulty in breathing. According to Senthilkumar, Sah, and Ganesh (2016), thousands of those affected by the tragedy are still suffering from extensive lung damage and they can no longer engage in physical activities as walking a few steps sends them gasping for air. BBC (2009) reports that affected women show abnormal gynecological problems and still giving birth to children with abnormalities. Similarly, cases of abortion and premature birth are high amongst this population. Acute symptoms in this group include inflammation of the eyes and the respiratory tract, forced breathing, vomiting, and abdominal pains. Additionally, a study by Samarth, Gandhi, and Maudar (2013) indicates that autopsies showed that there were also marked changes in the kidneys, and the liver. The rate of neonatal mortality increased by approximately 200 percent while that of stillbirth increased by up to 300%. Psychological Health Effects Senthilkumar et al. (2016) assert that health problems have severe psychological repercussions. These health problems include endocrinal and gynecological problems, as well as high levels of reproductive difficulty and abnormal menstruation coupled with high incidences of miscarriages. Children born to women affected by the gas and the infected water tend to suffer from a wide array of psychological disorders including congenital deformities, physical and mental disabilities. More specifically, women in the more religiously conservative and deprived communities suffer from chronic illnesses and have reproductive difficulty which renders them undesirable to marriage. This forces them to bear the significant social stigma. Furthermore, the condition experienced by these women being unable to conceive and deliver healthy children sentences them to live their lives without ever getting married meaning that one may live a life without ever attaining economic security. Environmental Effects As of today, chemicals littered at the site of the plant continue to leak polluting the groundwater. These contaminations at the site and the surrounding areas were not as a direct result of the gas leakage (Mehta et al., 1990). Dhara and Kriebel (1993) further reported that the local government had made a declaration in 1991 confirming that over 100 wells were not fit for drinking. More, a UCC laboratory test in 1989 showed that water and soil samples collected from adjacent areas to the factory were highly toxic to fish. More than twenty areas within the facility were, marked as higher polluted from this experiment. By 1994, it was found that chemicals had seriously contaminated 21 percent of the premises. Studies on groundwater, soils, vegetables and wells from communities around the factory revealed a range of heavy contaminations from chemical compounds and toxic metals. According to the reports, the substances found include mercury, alpha-naphthol, naphthol naphthalene, lead, chromium, copper, organochlorines, hexachloroethane, nickel, Hexachlorobutadiene halo-organics, volatile organic compound, and pesticide HCH (BHC). At the same time, many of these compounds were found in breast milk. Conclusion A synergy of the very worst Indian and American cultures was the cause of the Bhopal gas leak tragedy. Health and safety procedures were below standard (Samarth et al., 2013). Neither the companys management nor the government seemed concerned with taking precautionary measures. The fact is, no one was prepared for the adverse effects that were evident following the leakage; not the company, the government or even the locals. There was no prompt action from any of these stakeholders. Indias legal system was a disgrace to its people, failing miserably at such a crucial moment. The action was therefore taken to improve the system for the betterment of the nation and the peoples safety. International treaties were signed to give justice to people suffering from similar tragedies (Dhara, 2013). Multinational corporations operating within India must agree to comply with the conditions of doing business one being that they will be under jurisdictions of the Indian civil and criminal courts. It is mandatory that they take responsibility for their inactions in subsidiaries within the host country and not disown them I the face of tragedy. Union Carbide Corporations top management attempts to shift the blame of the gas leak to the managers in the Indian subsidiary must be seen as an act of cowardice. More, the Madhya Pradesh government was equally accountable. It was the state governments administrative duty to play its role in regulation and supervision. Recommendations Events of the Bhopal incident revealed to the world that industrial evolution without concurrent evolution in environment health and safety can be catastrophic. The tragedy illustrated the link between dynamics of global markets and local environmental and health disasters. The Sevin plant was established in Madhya Pradesh, not for the purpose of avoiding America's environmental regulation but to exploit the growing and seemingly large pesticide market in India and her neighbors (Dhara, 1994). However, the approach used to execute the project suggested that multinational corporations applied double standards in their operations in developing countries. If operating regulations were internationalized for hazardous industries, then the case of Bhopal might have been different. With significant international safety measures and standards, even without enforcement, industries could have norms to measure the performance of companies that engage in hazardous activities like pesticide produ ct, and other toxic materials. Therefore, the Indian government and international organizations should focus on applicable measures for corporate responsibility and the prevention of accidents in advanced and developing economies across the world. More specifically, prevention approaches should focus on the reduction of risk on and legislation of safety in the surrounding environment (See appendix II, page ). It is clear that local governments can no longer allow industrial plants to be located within urban locations, despite the evolution in land use over time. Government and industry should bring proper capital support to locals so as to provide necessary public facilities like hospitals and schools in order to minimize mortality, morbidity, and loss of property in case fatal industrial accidents (Environmental health, 2016). In 1984, Bhopal had limited public infrastructure. Basically, tap water was scarce and was only available for a few hours and the quality was not healthy at all. The communities lacked a functional sewage system and therefore, residents disposed of their untreated waste in nearby water sources; including drinking water source. Bhopal four main hospitals but they lacked sufficient beds and physicians. The city also lacked a response system for mass casualty emergencies. It is, therefore, important that public health facilities are accounted for when industries considered the hazardous site a manufacturing plant. The management of future industrial development needs to formulate appropriate approaches for the prevention of disasters. Communities lacking expertise and infrastructure to adequately respond to industrial accidents should not have hazardous industries located near them. ISO 31000 (2009) provides a risk management benchmark. It states that a risks affecting organizations can have consequences in terms of economic performance and professional reputation, as well as environmental, safety and societal outcomes, (ISO.org). Thus, effective risk management helps organizations to record efficient performance in an environment filled with uncertainties. With uncertainties comes the need to boost the level of confidence. Initiating a business risk management plan requires the identification of associated risks and increasing the level of confidence in managing those risks. More, these risks are typically specific to a business or industry and can be traditional or emerging. These risks may even be preventable suggesting that compliance rules can be created. They can also be challenging as external or strategic risks. Nonetheless, participating parties can benefit from an integrated risk management approach; managing cross-functional assessment teams within an organization; and, effectively communicating risks and treatment plans to all organizational levels. References BBC News - Bhopal's health effects probed. (2009). News.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7961062.stm Bhopal gas tragedy. (2016). Slideshare.net. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from https://www.slideshare.net/biswadeep44/bhopal-gas-tragedy-14008712 Broughton, E. (2005). The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review. Environmental Health, 4(1), 1. Castleman, B. I. (2013). The migration of industrial hazards. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. Cullinan, P., Acquilla, S. D., Dhara, V. R. (1996). 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