Justice System Position Essay

Adolescent crime percentages in the United States tumbled to another 32-year low in 2013. In 2012 there were around 60,000 fierce wrongdoing captures including adolescents younger than 18. From 2011 to 2012 there was a 10% decrease in the quantity of youth captures for every one of the four offenses, which added to a general drop of 36 percent since 2003. In 1994, police revealed 500 vicious youth wrongdoing captures for each 100,000 10-17-olds in the populace. In 2008, the capture rate fell and there were 300 captures for each 100,000 adolescents in the populace. Presently, somewhere in the range of 2009 and 2012, there are 190 captures for each 100,000 adolescents (â€Å"Violent Youth Crime in U.S. tumbles to New 32-Year Low†, 2013). What do every one of these numbers speak to? Another expectation later on for the adolescent in the United States. A portion of the principle reasons adding to this sensational diminishing in adolescent capture rates remember a move for ponderin g the most ideal approaches to deal with youngsters who violate the law, a constant time of diminishing adolescent wrongdoing, and financial weights on state governments that have numerous individuals, including preservationists who bolstered intense on-wrongdoing arrangements, searching for more affordable choices to mass imprisonment. The United States rates for detainment for adolescents are18 times more prominent that of France, and in excess of multiple times more prominent than that of Britain. Nations like Finland or Sweden don't for the most part lock up youthful wrongdoers and offer the young the best chances to develop into adulthood. Enormous scope detainment just prompts misuse and cruel treatment for the youngsters and adolescents restricted, and it is pricey. Indeed a normal bed in an adolescent adjustment office costs about $88,000 every year. Placing pained youth into incredibly taught, prohibitive, and long haul conditions conflicts with everything that we think about the adolescent cerebrum and accepts away open doors from these teenagers to learn new abilities and positive methods of carrying on. Most states pressure detainment and discipline and it is meddling with compelling diversionary, treatment, and restoration works on (â€Å"Building a More Effective Juvenile System†, 2014). Restora tion rehearses appear to be the most coherent course to treatingâ delinquent youth and setting them up for a superior future. They are the fate of America and they are dealt with now will influence the crime percentages later on. Various proof based practices have had a beneficial outcome on decreased imprisonment and reoffending for youth. Exploration shows that undermining and disciplinary collaborations, imprisonment, and discipline just increment the forceful conduct that we see in disturbed youth. To support our childhood and keep on diminishing the paces of wrongdoing and re-affronting we can lessen the weight on imprisonment and discipline and increment offenders’ collaborations with positive very much prepared grown-ups that will assist them with turning out to be better people. Adolescent misconduct has been a significant issue for law requirement officials. Law authorization officials have an objective to keep adolescent misconduct from occurring. Without realizing what triggers misconduct, officials have no clue about how to stop it before it occurs. In the past law requirements response to reprobate conduct was to capture these people. With the sensational abatement in youth captures, it has any kind of effect in what cops are managing each day. It likewise makes their occupations more secure. On the off chance that law authorization sat idle, at that point adolescents would keep on doing an inappropriate. Law implementation should show enthusiasm for the young people in the networks that they serve. Conversing with them, posing inquiries, and pointing them the correct way could transform them. Cops are good examples and even can be saints. In 2001 San Diego cop Jeremy Henwood was drawn closer by a 13-year-old kid and requested a dime to purchase a treat at McDonalds. Official Henwood took some time and asked the kid what he needed to be the point at which he grew up. The kid answered that he needed to turn into a b-ball player in the NBA. Official Henwood disclosed to him that he would need to try sincerely and center to arrive. He purchased the kid a few treats and returned to his police cruiser. Just minutes after the fact Officer Henwood was gunned down in his vehicle and killed. At the point when this kid heard the news it made himextremely upset and he said that his discussion with Officer Henwood implied such a great amount to him. He said he could always remember the discussion that they had. It had any kind of effect to him. He said that he would make a solid effort to arrive at his objectives as a result of him (â€Å"Slain San Diego Officer Remembered for Good Deeds†, 2011). Law authorization can have any kind of effect for our childhood and through these endeavors decrease wrongdoing and make their employments simpler. Adolescent courts and probation assume a focal job in the administration of adolescent equity in the United States. Any strategies and projects pushed by these units extraordinarily characterize the Nation’s reaction to adolescent wrongdoing. In 1996 1.76 million wrongdoing cases were taken care of by U.S. courts and adolescent post trial agents had contact with pretty much all of those cases. While rates have diminished since 1996, it despite everything puts a colossal load on the two units (â€Å"Overview†, 1999). While it may cost more to restore and treat every single adolescent wrongdoer from the outset, the quantity of reoffenders would diminish radically. They could be trained how to utilize the abilities they were brought into the world with, learn new aptitudes, and figure out how to be fruitful throughout everyday life. In the long run the weight would not exclusively be off of the court and probation framework, yet in addition off of the restoration programs. Another unit in the equity framework that would be influenced by recovery is redresses. As of now adjustment offices do offer a type of restoration for those prisoners who pick it or must choose between limited options. Due to levels of popularity, only one out of every odd reprobate can get the particular treatment that they need. In the event that restoration took need in any case, the detainment rates would unquestionably diminish and these offices could give individualized treatment. As I referenced before, to give a bed to one youth for a year costs on normal $88,000. On the off chance that these numbers diminished, these assets could be utilized to give grants and different impetuses to our childhood. Presently people group administrations are utilized as a discipline for adolescent delinquents rather than detainment. It typically is a technique used to show a reprobate that there are outcomes to their activities. Significant people group administration alongside legitimate tre atment can show kids and youthful adolescents that there is a lot more to life than falling into difficulty. It is an incredible method to offer back to the network and help these children feel significant. Restoration comes in numerous structures however its primary objective is to reestablish the positive qualities in an individual and forestall constant culpable. These focuses can give scholarly and professional training, treatment programsâ that address savage and criminal conduct, sex guilty party conduct, substance misuse, psychological well-being projects, and clinical consideration while keeping up a sheltered and secure condition gainful to learning. Projects, for example, these could decrease institutional viciousness and future criminal conduct by showing against criminal perspectives and giving individual aptitudes to young people. With all that stated, a few people contend that discipline is fundamental and ought to remain the principle focal point of the adolescent equity framework. Discipline advocates express that our childhood see directly from wrong and ought to be rebuffed for their activities. I imagine that what these supporters don't understand is the thing that t hese children are confronting when they are bolted up. The conditions that will live in while they carry out the time on their punishment may really transform them for the more regrettable. Possibly if these promoters went through a day or seven days living the manner in which an imprisoned adolescent does their conclusions would change drastically. A contention against recovery is that adolescent restoration is exceptional for every person. What attempts to treat one child probably won't work for another. It makes it harder to treat every adolescent and get positive outcomes. With each new section into the framework, the odds of restoration for each child diminishes. That shouldn’t imply that everybody surrenders expectation and bolts up every reprobate until they believe they have been rebuffed long enough. What this shows is that more assets and time ought to be invested into recovery amounts of energy. Making offices that represent considerable authority in various regions and setting these young people where they believe they will flourish is required. On the off chance that it doesn’t work, the data that they have found out about that reprobate ought to be sufficient to send them to another office where they will get the best possible administrations. Before a youngster turns three years of age the state is l iable for all learning handicaps. It is the activity of the state to assess that kid and offer types of assistance to enable that kid to meet their achievements. When the kid turns three years of age the educational system in the state gets answerable for the learning improvement of that youngster. The educational system will assess and put the kid into a school that will work to improve the aptitudes of this kid. On the off chance that there are no upgrades, the youngster will get another assessment and changes in arrangement will be made. This procedure proceeds until the youngster is accepting the specific learning condition that they need. I know the entirety of this from individual involvement in my child. These equivalent endeavors ought to be utilized for young people heading in the wrongâ direction. They are the eventual fate of America and with youth capture rates previously diminishing, there is an opportunity for a more secure future for many individuals. Discipline can drive an individual mad and angry. A youngster is normally given alerts that on the off chance that they proceed with certain conduct they will end up in â€Å"time out† or have certain toys or hardware removed. When they go through every single imaginable admonition that punis

Rizal Report free essay sample

Dejarme, Ryan M. Part 8: Rizal at the Dominican University of the Philippines Rizal’s consummation of the Bachiller en Artes at Ateneo Municipal qualified him for confirmation for higher investigations in a college. Despite the fact that her mom contradicted to Rizal’s quest for advanced education inspired by a paranoid fear of what may befall him because of the affliction of Gomburza, Don Francisco chose to send him to UST, the Dominican college of the Philippines. Enlistment at the University of Santo Tomas ? Rizal was unsure of what course to seek after. His previous Jesuit coaches proposed he took up organization or cultivating. Rizal thought about writing, law and medication. His sibling, Paciano, disheartened him to take law because of the political states of the nation that time. ? 1887-1888. During his first year, he took up Philosophy and Letters since it was the course his dad needed and that he couldn't request exhortation from Father Ramon Pablo, the minister of Ateneo, who was at Mindanao that time. We will compose a custom article test on Rizal Report or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page ? He took up seminars on Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy, and History of Philosophy ? He additionally took on a looking over course in Ateneo were he was presented the title on November 25, 1881 since he was underage at the time he breezed through the last assessment. ? After first year, he moved to medication since he was exhorted by Father Ramon to take up this course and in light of the fact that he needed to fix her mom who previously had bombing visual perception. Scholarly Performance at UST ? Rizal’s scholastic records from 1878 to 1882 validate his average execution at UST. ? Three variables to his exhibition can be followed: the antagonistic vibe of the Dominican teachers to Rizal;racial segregation, and out of date and oppressive strategy for guidance at UST. Other 3 reasons are: Medicine isn't generally Rizal’s occupation; disappointment with the Dominican arrangement of training; and energizing interruptions of youth. He additionally met Segunda Katigbak during this time however in the wake of discovering that Segunda was to be hitched turned her endeavors on Leonor Rivera, her first cousin. ? His evaluations were normal, in any case, it demonstrated that he was not for medication yet for human expressions. Radicalism and Filipino Students at UST ? Flood of liberal thoughts can be ascribed to the consummation of Spanish Civil Wars, opening of Suez Canal and opening of Philippines to world exchange. The liberal thoughts influenced the understudies because of 3 significant upsets: insurgency of the faculties against power of devotion; upheaval of human explanation against consoling certitudes of questioning; and unrest of race against country disparity and coercion. ? He joined Artistico Literario de Manila, a gathering of workmanship sweethearts who had composing rivalries. His entrances, A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) and El Consejo de los Dioses (Council of the Gods) were decreed best in a similar rivalry which demonstrated that Filipinos can rise to or even outperform Spaniards in artistic ability. A La Juventud Filipina. 1879 passage composed by Rizal wh en he was just 18 years of age. ? El Consejo de los Dioses. A purposeful anecdote in commendation of Cervantes as a corresponding of Homer and Virgil. The section was decreed best, yet the jury, in the wake of realizing that it was a Filipino who composed it, gave the prize to a Spaniard ? Junto al Pasig. A one demonstration play in festivity of the Feast Day of the Immaculate Concepcion. It is considered as a prediction of 50 years of insurgency, a great many attacks, annihilation, oppression and common tumult. It likewise read how the Filipino youth ought to rebuke outsider individuals causing these torments. ? A Filipinas. A piece written in 1880 not exclusively to laud the Philippines for its excellence yet to urge the Filipino specialists to extol the nation through their works of art. Understudy Activism at UST ? Spanish and mestizo understudies named Filipinos as indio or chongo. Rizal and his buddy fought back by calling them kastila or bangus. Along these lines, understudy thunders ejected wherein Rizal figured for all time because of his abilities in fencing and wrestling combined with boldness. Rizal sorted out a mystery society of Filipino understudies called Compa? erismo whose individuals called themselves, Buddies of Jehu, loyalist general of the Jews. Rizal became leader of this gathering with Galiciano Apacible as secretary. Choice to go to Europe ? Subsequent to finishing his fourth year in medication, he chose to leave the counry for Europe, mostly in light of his mistake in UST, where he chose to proceed with his examination in Barcelona, Spain. On May 26, 1882, Paciano composed a letter to Rizal which truly indicated that he chose to go to Europe to take on a journey to a totally different world.

A Night with Cranium

A Night with Cranium MIT: Where we make nerdy things fun. Exhibit A: Mystery Hunt Team Party Saturday January 20 As if doing puzzles and brain teasers for an entire weekend was not enough, our recent team party included a night filled of Cranium. Some of my favorite quotes from the night: In a Club Cranium round of Cloodle, I attempted to draw Babys Breath: Diana: Are your eyes open? (Keep in mind Cloodle is the sketching competition where your eyes are open. In Sensosketch, your eyes are closed.) Apparently my doodles werent working. In a Club Cranium round of Humdinger, Diana and others hum the theme song to Star Wars: Shahar: Star Wars! Bryan: I was about to say that. Jenna: Ive never seen Star Wars. Diana: Neither have I. There you have it folks, you can go to MIT without having seen Star Wars. A few clutch photos from the evening: I think we scared Yonas. Exhibit B: MIT Integration Bee, First Round: Thursday January 25, 2007 Integration Bee Qualifying Testing Stop by at any point during the session, for a quick test of your single variable integration skills. Top scorers qualify for the Integration Bee. No knowledge beyond 18.01 necessary. First SpellboundNEXT: Derivativeboundmaybe?

Reading Comprehension Case Study - 14945 Words

Case Study: â€Å"Lucy† Amanda M. Cyprowski Assessment Instruction in Reading Mrs. Jennifer Unger December 4, 2013 CONTENT OF ANALYSIS Personal Interest Survey Pages 3-5 Elementary Reading Attitude Survey Pages 6-9 Words Their Way: Primary Spelling Inventory Pages 10-13 Burns Roe: Informal Reading Inventory Graded Word Lists Pages 14-17 Oral Reading Passages Pages 18-23 Silent Reading Passages Pages 24-29 Listening Comprehension Passages Pages 30-34 Conclusion of Results Pages 35-36 Fountas Pinnell: Benchmark Assessments Oral Reading Pages 39-42 Written Retelling Pages 43-47 Results Pages 48-36 Case Study Response Pages 54-68†¦show more content†¦After the survey was over, Lucy was walked back to the class where she laid down and began to read a book right away. Based on the discussion of Lucy’s personal interests inside and outside of school, it may be motivational and effective to inform reading and writing instruction by using her favorite book series, Jack and Annie by Mary Pope Osbourne. The series follows a brother and series through their time travels to places in the past, the future, and places that are only in their imagination. Lucy lit up talking about the book series and mentioned that she would like to take a magic carpet ride to Paris, France to ride around in an â€Å"electric wheel chair.† She made it known that the magic carpet ride would have to take place in the future because in the past there was â€Å"no sunscreen and everything was cheap.† Since Lucy enjoys time travel and animals, it may enhance her word and reading study by incorporate book with those themes. The Personal Interest Survey was the first assessment to be administered to the student. The next survey to be administered to the student will be the Elementary Reading Attitude Survey. ELEMENTARY READING ATTITUDE SURVEY The Elementary Reading Attitude Survey—a reliable efficient instrument used by teachers to determine the student’s attitude toward reading which is a central factor affecting reading performance—was administered to Lucy, a 7 year old second grader, onShow MoreRelatedReading Comprehension And The Key Pillars Of Reading Instruction1609 Words   |  7 PagesReading comprehension is the ability to read the text, process what you just read and then be able to understand what you read well enough to explain it to a fellow peer clearly and precisely. Reading comprehension is a link in the chain that is the five pillars of reading instruction. The first pillar being phonemes, second is phonics, third and fourth is fluency and vocabulary and finally the fifth is comprehension. It’s the caboose of the pillars you might say. 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Emperor of all maladies Essay - 8098 Words

Praise for The Emperor of All Maladies â€Å"A compulsively readable, surprisingly uplifting, and vivid tale. thrilling .† —o, t he oprah maga z in e â€Å"[An] essential piece of medical journalism.† —T im e â€Å"A meticulously researched, panoramic history . . . What makes Mukherjee’s narrative so remarkable is that he imbues decades of painstaking laboratory investigation with the suspense of a mystery novel and urgency of a thriller.† —The Boston Globe â€Å"riveting and powerful .† —San Fr a n c isco C hr on ic le â€Å"remarkable . . . The reader devours this fascinating book . . . Mukherjee is a clear and determined writer. . . . An unusually humble, insightful book.† —Los An ge le s T im e s â€Å"extraordinary . . . So often†¦show more content†¦In some nations, cancer will surpass heart disease to become the most common cause of death. Mukherjee_Emperor_i-588_PTR.indd 15 6/22/11 12:59 PM Author’s Note This book is a history of cancer. 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Peak Garage Door Swot Analysis Free Essays

Case 2: Yorktown Technologies Group 7 I. Problem definition: Trying to find a marketing and distribution strategy that would help the company reach its revenue goals. II. We will write a custom essay sample on Peak Garage Door Swot Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now SWOT Analysis: 1-Strengths: †¢ The company raised additional capital to fund its business operations and had more than three dozen different investors †¢ The firm will be launching the first commercially available biotech animal in the U. S †¢ Yorktown Technologies grabbed the attention of the media and the news of the upcoming Glo fish launch was on the front pages of many famous magazines †¢ $ 4 million out of $ 700 million was spent on Yorktown Technologies products by consumers. †¢ Yorktown technologies’ suppliers and distributors have been regular suppliers of tropical fish to the 3 major retail chains †¢ The company was given exclusive rights to lines of red, green, yellow and orange fluorescent zebra fish which provided the company with an effective barrier to entry against potential competitors 2-Weaknesses: Generated more than $ 120,000 loss in 2004 †¢ There is no enough money to support a national advertising campaign †¢ Not being able to sell the Glofish in California which is an important market with high population †¢ High demand on limited supply †¢ Some countries are still not convinced with the safety of the GloFish 3-Opportunities: †¢ California is a very important market that has a population of 33 million who are willing to buy innovative products †¢ International markets where the fish can be sold mainly Asia †¢ Zebra fish are known to be very popular ornamental fish with more than 200 million sold in the U. S alone †¢ Two dozen regional wholesalers located throughout the country distribute freshwater ornamental fish to an estimated 5000 retail establishments for sale to consumers †¢ Total sales of pet stores are increasing at an annual rate of 7% †¢ Consumer market for freshwater ornamental fish and related products in U. S exceeds $700 million annually and is growing at a rate of 9% a year 4-Threats: †¢ The blanket regulation that the California Fish and Game Commission passed and that prohibited the possession of genetically modified fish in California †¢ Number of pet stores in U. S is declining at annual rate of 2% †¢ The anti-biotechnology groups that are trying to stop or disrupt the launching of Yorktown Technologies by spreading misinformation about the safety of the fish †¢ The ethical and environmental questions regarding the sale of the genetically modified fish †¢ The strong competition in Asia especially Taiwan where genetically modified fish is being sold and rumors say that some of them are being introduced in the U. S III-Alternative courses of action: 1-Alternative one: Opening a Glofish Kiosk in a shopping mall Advantages |Disadvantages | |Shopping mall kiosks have enjoyed explosive growth in |High renting cost per year | |terms of revenue and numbers |Customers might get confused with the availability of | |Offering GloFish branded tanks and supplies |different products | |These outlets sells variety of products |Small space | -Alternative two: Possibility of marketing the Glofish product line through the internet directly to con sumers Advantages |Disadvantages | |no rent costs |Availability of numerous dot com firms that marketed | |no operating costs other than delivery |tropical fish to consumers | |ability to offer and show customers the variety of |Competitive prices | |products available for GloFish |Delivery cost is high | 3-Alternative three: Selling the fish through international markets |Advantages |Disadvantages | |Increased sales |must consider foreign regulations that would apply to | |High market share |the genetically modified fish | |High brand awareness by consumer due to the expansion |cannot market the product in all countries | | |high competition with similar products and prices | IV-Recommended course of action: My suggestion is to go with the first recommendation that states to open kiosks in shopping malls Reason of choice: Due to the fact that malls are explosively growing in numbers and revenue and this would be a great benefit for Yorktown Technologies. V-Recommendations: a-What should be done? Showing people the value Glofish add b-Who should do it? Middle management (marketing and distribution department) and the sales team that is in contact with the customers – When should it be done? As soon as all people are aware that the following fish are harmless and the regulations allow their sale. d- How should it be done? -displaying then fish in a way that will show their true color and glow which will be the first thing that will attract the customers -offering competitive prices and promotions -always reminding people that they are not a threat e- How much it will cost? Rent is high which is between $12,000 and $36,000 per year and operating costs How to cite Peak Garage Door Swot Analysis, Papers

Environmental/Public Health Risks The Bhopal Gas Tragedy

Question: Describe about the Environmental/Public Health Risks for The Bhopal Gas Tragedy. Answer: Introduction Human beings are in constant interaction with their environment. As such, these interactions have an impact on the quality of life that they get to live healthy, and the health disparities. The relation of the environment to health is best defined by the World Health Organization as all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person and all the related behaviors (WHO, 2006). Therefore, environmental health comprises prevention or control of disease, disability, and injury related to the interaction between humans and their environment. One of the twenty-first-century key environmental health challenges is industrialization. It is a theme of major focus in many other disciplines of public policy; however, its the health discipline that particularly shows the shared outcome of a world thats globalizing, both the associated hazards and its potentials. While industrialization and the associated development provide opportunities for employment, socio-economic and education development, a number of environmental problems and health hazards also occur (Philp, 2015). Castleman (2013) reports that the impact of health determinants on people is sophisticated and the control of these determinants is often outside the capacity and responsibility of the health sector. For an effective action that can help solve urban related urban health problems, it is paramount that the efforts of various other sectors are incorporated like the non-governmental organizations, other government units, private companies, and the communities as well. As seen in the case of the Bhopal tragedy and those of other cities it is evident that governments of rapidly developing cities typically lack adequate revenues for the provision of public services. The rapid growth of the industry sector further strains the capacity of these governments to provide efficient health and safety procedures as necessary. More, it has been noted that the multinational corporations have a more powerful force than city governments in the provision of occupational health and safety and are more influential than even the local communities in mitigating this problem ("BBC News - Bhopal's health effects probed", 2009). This paper, therefore, analyses the Bhopal tragedy and gives a detailed report on the findings and concludes with a recommendation for future developments towards cautioning the environment and public health against similar incidences. Studies on human health are reviewed and the effects that resulted from the exposure to methyl isocyanate gas th at eventually leaked from the Union Carbide India Limited, Bhopal, in 1984. The studies were conducted both in the early and the late recovery periods (Mishra et al., 2009). Background of the Bhopal Tragedy In the 1970s, the Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) built a plant in Bhopal to manufacture Sevin, a commonly used pesticide across Asia. The government of India insisted that as part of the deal a significant percentage of the investment be from local shareholders (Shrivastav, 2011). As such, Indias government had a twenty-two percent stake in the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL), a subsidiary of the firm. Bhopal was chosen because of its strategic location and the access to transportation and labor. The location site had been zoned for light commercial and industrial investment and not for hazardous activities. Initially, the company was approved for the sole formulation of pesticides from component pesticides in small quantities like the methyl isocyanate (MIC) from the mother company. Nonetheless, with the pressure to compete effectively, UCIL was forced to employ a backward integration- manufacturing raw materials and intermediate formulation products within the local facility. T his process was inherently more complex and hazardous (Mishra et al., 2009). In the 1980s the demand for pesticides declined in the subcontinent due to widespread crop failure and famine. Consequently, the Bhopal plant was producing nearly one-quarter of its production capacity (Dhara and Dhara, 2002). Therefore, local managers were advised to prepare the facility for closure and subsequent sale due to decreased profitability. Unfortunately, no ready buyer was found and the company decided to dismantle several of its production units for shipment to another developing country. At the same time, the company continued to make production with safety standards way below those of the sister branch in West Virginia, USA. On the other hand, the local government was in fear of placing heavy safety and industrial pollution control burdens on the struggling large employer for economic reasons (Dhara, 1994). On the second of December 1984 at around 1100 hours, while most of the Bhopal residents slept, one of the plant operators discovered a leaking MIC gas as well as a rising pressure in a storage tank. Three weeks prior to this event, the vent gas scrubber which is supposed to neutralize toxic discharges from the MIC system had been turned off. Unfortunately, a faulty valve had allowed a ton of water used for pipe cleaning to mix with forty tons of MIC (Cullinan, Acquilla, and Dhara 1996; Eckerman, 2005). More, a refrigeration unit installed for safety purposes to cool the MIC tank had been transferred for use in another unit within the plant. This allowed the heat and pressure from the exothermic reaction inside the tank to continuously build up. Additionally, for three months, the gas flare system had been inactive. It was not until the next morning at around 0100 hours when a thunderous rumbling signaled a safety valve giving way sending a massive cloud of MIC gas into Bhopals mornin g air. Several hours later, the streets were filled with human corpses as well as livestock and birds carcasses. Nearly 3800 humans were found dead, mostly from the slum adjacent to the plant. Soon, local hospitals capacities were overwhelmed with patients. Even more challenging was the fact that physicians were not immediately aware of the exact gas that was causing the damage. This made Bhopal a synonymous name to industrial catastrophe marking the tragedy as one of the worst chemical disasters even experienced in the history of mankind (Cullinan, Acquilla, and Dhara, 1997) A few days later nearly 10,000 cases were reported and nearly 20,000 premature deaths in the next two decades. The government of India reported that more than 500, 000 citizens had been exposed to the harmful gas. Epidemiology studies that followed indicated a marked increase in the morbidity and mortality rates in the affected population (University of Minnesota, 2016). However, the data in these studies may have been an underrepresentation of the true picture since the number of people who migrated from the area was not accounted for. Evaluation of the Aftermath The events that followed the Bhopal gas leak led to a significant increase in the development of activism and environmental awareness in India. These led to the creation of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) following the passing of the Environment Protection Act in 1986. This Act gave MoEF the overall responsibility to administer and enforce environmental policies and laws. MoEF established integrated environmental strategies into all the industrial development plans in India. Nonetheless, the governments efforts to protect public health, wildlife, and the environment through policies have taken precedence following developments in the countrys economy for the last three decades since the occurrence of the tragedy. Evidently, the nature of the chemical industry could have undergone huge changes following the Bhopal disaster with a possible re-examination of the necessity for the production of such harmful products. Still, agricultural practices have not changed and the use of harmful pesticide is a norm even after the lesson of acute and chronic effects of exposure to the pesticide in Bhopal. It is estimated that nearly three million individuals suffer the consequences of pesticide poisoning with a large percentage coming from the agriculturally developing countries (Dhara et al., 2002). More, this contaminations cause nearly 20,000 in India every year (Dhara et al., 2002). an example is the case of the state of Kerala which recorded significant morbidity and mortality due to continued use of a hazardous pesticide, Endosulfan, years later after the gas leak in Bhopal (Singh and Bhadoria, 2013). Since the tragedy, UCC has been shrinking and is now owned by the Dow Chemical Company after it was restructured and divested. This move saved the company from a hostile takeover giving the top executive and the shareholders bountiful profits while placing the assets of UCC safely away from the legal reach of the victims. The company still holds that the disaster resulted from deliberate sabotage (University of Minnesota, 2016). Adding insult to injury, the company discontinued its operations in Bhopal but failed to do a thorough clean-up of what remained at the industrial site. Consequently, several toxic elements continue to leak from the plant and end up in local aquifers (see appendix A, Page ) (Dhara and Acquilla, 2013). As a result, dangerously contaminated water has been added to the legacy of UCC in Bhopal. Public Health Implication The UCC-Bhopal tragedy also referred to as the Bhopal disaster of 1984 is one of the most historic industrial disasters to have ever hit mankind. A leak of methyl isocyanate (MIC) and other gasses exposed hundreds of thousands of Bhopal residents to the hazardous effects of the plant (Dhara and Kriebel, 1993). In 2006, an official government declaration stated that the leak had caused nearly 558,000 injuries, 38,500 partial, and 3,900 permanent and severe disabling injuries (Dhara, 2013). Mass cremation and funerals were held as well as body disposal in River Narmada. Hospitals and temporary dispensaries treated approximately 170,000 patients. More than 2,000 livestock were collected and buried. The main composition of the gas cloud had materials that were denser than the surrounding air and therefore stay close to the surface, spreading outward to nearby communities (Varma and Mulay, 2015). Immediate effects of the exposure were vomiting, coughing, severe eye irritation, and a diffi culty in breathing. Shorter people, including children, were most affected as they inhaled concentration of the fumes. This section reviews the health effects of the gas exposure from published studies and gives details on some of the epidemiological and clinical issues being debated. Impact of the Disaster The direct results of the actual disaster were massive damages to the Bhopal population with regard to loss of life and property. These were just but the initial disaster. The wave of the effects of the initial triggered a chain of destructive events relating to the initial disaster through the cause-and-effect leading to indirect damages to the remote people. This can be referred to as the subsequent disaster. Physical Health Effects As discussed, the dense material in the gas cloud stayed close to the ground and rapidly spread outward through the surrounding community. The initial effects were vomiting, coughing, severe eye irritation and difficulty in breathing. According to Senthilkumar, Sah, and Ganesh (2016), thousands of those affected by the tragedy are still suffering from extensive lung damage and they can no longer engage in physical activities as walking a few steps sends them gasping for air. BBC (2009) reports that affected women show abnormal gynecological problems and still giving birth to children with abnormalities. Similarly, cases of abortion and premature birth are high amongst this population. Acute symptoms in this group include inflammation of the eyes and the respiratory tract, forced breathing, vomiting, and abdominal pains. Additionally, a study by Samarth, Gandhi, and Maudar (2013) indicates that autopsies showed that there were also marked changes in the kidneys, and the liver. The rate of neonatal mortality increased by approximately 200 percent while that of stillbirth increased by up to 300%. Psychological Health Effects Senthilkumar et al. (2016) assert that health problems have severe psychological repercussions. These health problems include endocrinal and gynecological problems, as well as high levels of reproductive difficulty and abnormal menstruation coupled with high incidences of miscarriages. Children born to women affected by the gas and the infected water tend to suffer from a wide array of psychological disorders including congenital deformities, physical and mental disabilities. More specifically, women in the more religiously conservative and deprived communities suffer from chronic illnesses and have reproductive difficulty which renders them undesirable to marriage. This forces them to bear the significant social stigma. Furthermore, the condition experienced by these women being unable to conceive and deliver healthy children sentences them to live their lives without ever getting married meaning that one may live a life without ever attaining economic security. Environmental Effects As of today, chemicals littered at the site of the plant continue to leak polluting the groundwater. These contaminations at the site and the surrounding areas were not as a direct result of the gas leakage (Mehta et al., 1990). Dhara and Kriebel (1993) further reported that the local government had made a declaration in 1991 confirming that over 100 wells were not fit for drinking. More, a UCC laboratory test in 1989 showed that water and soil samples collected from adjacent areas to the factory were highly toxic to fish. More than twenty areas within the facility were, marked as higher polluted from this experiment. By 1994, it was found that chemicals had seriously contaminated 21 percent of the premises. Studies on groundwater, soils, vegetables and wells from communities around the factory revealed a range of heavy contaminations from chemical compounds and toxic metals. According to the reports, the substances found include mercury, alpha-naphthol, naphthol naphthalene, lead, chromium, copper, organochlorines, hexachloroethane, nickel, Hexachlorobutadiene halo-organics, volatile organic compound, and pesticide HCH (BHC). At the same time, many of these compounds were found in breast milk. Conclusion A synergy of the very worst Indian and American cultures was the cause of the Bhopal gas leak tragedy. Health and safety procedures were below standard (Samarth et al., 2013). Neither the companys management nor the government seemed concerned with taking precautionary measures. The fact is, no one was prepared for the adverse effects that were evident following the leakage; not the company, the government or even the locals. There was no prompt action from any of these stakeholders. Indias legal system was a disgrace to its people, failing miserably at such a crucial moment. The action was therefore taken to improve the system for the betterment of the nation and the peoples safety. International treaties were signed to give justice to people suffering from similar tragedies (Dhara, 2013). Multinational corporations operating within India must agree to comply with the conditions of doing business one being that they will be under jurisdictions of the Indian civil and criminal courts. It is mandatory that they take responsibility for their inactions in subsidiaries within the host country and not disown them I the face of tragedy. Union Carbide Corporations top management attempts to shift the blame of the gas leak to the managers in the Indian subsidiary must be seen as an act of cowardice. More, the Madhya Pradesh government was equally accountable. It was the state governments administrative duty to play its role in regulation and supervision. Recommendations Events of the Bhopal incident revealed to the world that industrial evolution without concurrent evolution in environment health and safety can be catastrophic. The tragedy illustrated the link between dynamics of global markets and local environmental and health disasters. The Sevin plant was established in Madhya Pradesh, not for the purpose of avoiding America's environmental regulation but to exploit the growing and seemingly large pesticide market in India and her neighbors (Dhara, 1994). However, the approach used to execute the project suggested that multinational corporations applied double standards in their operations in developing countries. If operating regulations were internationalized for hazardous industries, then the case of Bhopal might have been different. With significant international safety measures and standards, even without enforcement, industries could have norms to measure the performance of companies that engage in hazardous activities like pesticide produ ct, and other toxic materials. Therefore, the Indian government and international organizations should focus on applicable measures for corporate responsibility and the prevention of accidents in advanced and developing economies across the world. More specifically, prevention approaches should focus on the reduction of risk on and legislation of safety in the surrounding environment (See appendix II, page ). It is clear that local governments can no longer allow industrial plants to be located within urban locations, despite the evolution in land use over time. Government and industry should bring proper capital support to locals so as to provide necessary public facilities like hospitals and schools in order to minimize mortality, morbidity, and loss of property in case fatal industrial accidents (Environmental health, 2016). In 1984, Bhopal had limited public infrastructure. Basically, tap water was scarce and was only available for a few hours and the quality was not healthy at all. The communities lacked a functional sewage system and therefore, residents disposed of their untreated waste in nearby water sources; including drinking water source. Bhopal four main hospitals but they lacked sufficient beds and physicians. The city also lacked a response system for mass casualty emergencies. It is, therefore, important that public health facilities are accounted for when industries considered the hazardous site a manufacturing plant. The management of future industrial development needs to formulate appropriate approaches for the prevention of disasters. Communities lacking expertise and infrastructure to adequately respond to industrial accidents should not have hazardous industries located near them. ISO 31000 (2009) provides a risk management benchmark. It states that a risks affecting organizations can have consequences in terms of economic performance and professional reputation, as well as environmental, safety and societal outcomes, (ISO.org). Thus, effective risk management helps organizations to record efficient performance in an environment filled with uncertainties. With uncertainties comes the need to boost the level of confidence. Initiating a business risk management plan requires the identification of associated risks and increasing the level of confidence in managing those risks. More, these risks are typically specific to a business or industry and can be traditional or emerging. These risks may even be preventable suggesting that compliance rules can be created. They can also be challenging as external or strategic risks. Nonetheless, participating parties can benefit from an integrated risk management approach; managing cross-functional assessment teams within an organization; and, effectively communicating risks and treatment plans to all organizational levels. References BBC News - Bhopal's health effects probed. (2009). News.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7961062.stm Bhopal gas tragedy. (2016). Slideshare.net. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from https://www.slideshare.net/biswadeep44/bhopal-gas-tragedy-14008712 Broughton, E. (2005). The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review. Environmental Health, 4(1), 1. Castleman, B. I. (2013). The migration of industrial hazards. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. Cullinan, P., Acquilla, S. D., Dhara, V. R. (1996). Long-term morbidity in survivors of the 1984 Bhopal gas leak. National Medical Journal of India, 9, 5-9. Cullinan, P., Acquilla, S., Dhara, V. R. (1997). Respiratory morbidity 10 years after the Union Carbide gas leak at Bhopal: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ, 314(7077), 338. Dhara, R. (1994). Health Effects of the Bhopal Gas Leak: A Review. NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal Of Environmental And Occupational Health Policy, 4(3), 35-48. https://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ns4.3.g Dhara, V. R. (2013). What ails the Bhopal disaster investigations?(And is there a cure?). International journal of occupational and environmental health. Dhara, V. R., Acquilla, S. (2013). Regarding distance of residence in 1984 may be used as exposure surrogate for the Bhopal disaster-further observations on post-disaster epidemiology. The Indian journal of medical research, 138(2), 270. Dhara, V. R., Dhara, R. (2002). The Union Carbide disaster in Bhopal: a review of health effects. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal, 57(5), 391-404. Dhara, V. R., Kriebel, D. (1993). Editorial: The Bhopal Gas Disaster: It's Not Too Late for Sound Epidemiology. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal, 48(6), 436-437. Dhara, V. R., Dhara, R., Acquilla, S. D., Cullinan, P. (2002). Personal exposure and long-term health effects in survivors of the union carbide disaster in Bhopal. Environmental health perspectives, 110(5), 487. Eckerman, I. (2005). The Bhopal gas leak: Analyses of causes and consequences by three different models. Journal of loss prevention in the process industries, 18(4), 213-217. Environmental health. (2015). World Health Organization. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from https://www.who.int/topics/environmental_health/en/ Hygiene and Environmental Health HEAT Module. (2016). Open.edu. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from https://www.open.edu/openlearnworks/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=188printable=1extra=thumbnail_idm40603264 ISO31000. (2009). Risk management Principles and guidelines. Iso.org. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:31000:ed-1:v1:en Mehta, P. S., Mehta, A. S., Mehta, S. J., Makhijani, A. B. (1990). Bhopal tragedy's health effects: a review of methyl isocyanate toxicity. Jama, 264(21), 2781-2787. Mishra, P.K., R.M. Samarth, N. Pathak, S.K. Jain, S. Banerjee and K.K. Maudar. (2009). Bhopal gas tragedy: Review of clinical and experimental findings after 25 years. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health, 22: 193-202. Philp, R. B. (2015). Ecosystems and human health: toxicology and environmental hazards. CRC Press. Samarth, R. M., Gandhi, P., Maudar, K. K. (2013). A retrospective review of cytogenetic studies on methyl isocyanate with special reference to the Bhopal gas tragedy: Is the next generation also at risk?. International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health, 26(3), 324-336. Senthilkumar, C. S., Sah, N. K., Ganesh, N. (2016). On the long-term effects of methyl isocyanate on cell-mediated immunity in Bhopal gas-exposed long-term survivors and their offspring. Toxicology and industrial health, 0748233716645480. Shrivastav, R. (2011). Bhopal Gas Disaster: Review on Health Effects of Methyl Isocyanate. Research Journal Of Environmental Sciences, 5(2), 150-156. https://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjes.2011.150.156 Singh, S., Bhadoria, S. (2013). Bhopal gas tragedy: a revisit to pick out some lessons we have forgotten in 28 years. Int. J. ChemTech Res., 5(2), 815-819. The university of Minnesota. (2016). The Bhopal Disaster : Student Website for PubH 6101: Environmental Health : University of Minnesota. Enhs.umn.edu. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from https://enhs.umn.edu/current/2008studentwebsites/pubh6101/bhopal/environment.html Varma, D. R., Mulay, S. (2015). Methyl isocyanate: The Bhopal gas. Handbook of the Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents, 293-312. World Health Organization (WHO). Preventing disease through healthy environments. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2006.

Leasing Buildings Advantages and Disadvantages

Table of Contents Introduction Advantages Disadvantages Sale of the Company’s Headquarters Building Reference List Introduction The purpose of this business report is to analyze and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of leasing buildings, medical equipment and office furniture and equipment. This analysis should explain how the company will benefit (or lose) from selling its headquarters and leasing them back from the buyer.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Leasing Buildings Advantages and Disadvantages specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is essential to understand the pros and cons of such an action before embarking on it. Thus a professional investigation should reveal the advantages and disadvantages of selling and then leasing the company’s headquarters as opposed to maintaining them. Through understanding this breakdown, the management will be in a better position to decide whether to sell or maintain them. Advantages Leasing can be defined as the act of obtaining something (for example property, equipment, or building) from another person (the owner) for a specific period of time under a lease agreement and payment of lease charges. One benefit of leasing is that it trims down the cost of ownership of essential assets whose expenditure involves colossal amount of cash. Through leasing, an individual can be able to finance many assets compared to purchasing only one brand new asset. Another advantage of leasing is that, one is relieved off the worry of disposing an asset once it is worn out. All assets (except land) depreciate in value and become obsolete with time (Anon. â€Å"Advantages and disadvantages of lease financing for businesses†, 2005). The owner has to dispose off the assets that can no longer be used and obtain new ones. However, the person leasing the equipment is under no obligation liable for replacing the assets once they are worn out an d leaves them as they are once the lease period is over. Under leasing, one pays a fixed rate every month which is also inflation friendly. That is, as inflation rises the lease rate remains constant over a period of up to five years. Another advantage of leasing is that, one is able to utilize equipments by renting only the necessary equipments. Once a lease period is over, a person can be able to upgrade with technology by leasing new equipments as opposed to owning old and outdated equipments which would be difficult or rather expensive to dispose and buy the new ones. Leasing also has tax benefits that depend on the structure of the lease (Anon. â€Å"Leasing in Business- advantages and disadvantages†, 2009).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Disadvantages Leasing is a form of financing that is preferred by many businesses, although not all. Before leasing, certain things has to be put into consideration such as the type of equipment required, and the kind of business. Also one has to consider the tax implications between leasing and purchasing the equipment. One of the bad things about leasing is that it becomes expensive in the long run as opposed to owning the item. In leasing one can rent an item over long periods of time and will never own the item (Wakelin, et al 2003). If the money spent on leasing can be accumulated it would by far be more than the actual money that would have been spent if the item was bought from the very start. Another disadvantage is that, if the lease agreement is terminated before it expires, mainly because of damage, then the person leasing the item in question will be expected to pay additional charges on top of the lease charge. Not everyone can lease equipment, before being allowed to get any equipment through leasing; one has to prove credit worthiness and good employment history. This becomes an advantage for one who is buying the item since there are no qualifications that have to be met. Sale of the Company’s Headquarters Building One advantage the company stands to benefit from by selling its headquarters building is an increase in its current liquidity status which can be used to expand production. By leasing the building, the company will have to pay a small amount of money every month giving it a chance to expand the business and concentrate on more productive ventures. Another advantage is that it will not have to lease the entire building but can lease some offices and utilize them for maximum production. By leasing, the company is not required to cater for depreciation but will only pay the lease charges as agreed irrespective of the period of time it remains on the leased building (Enterprise Financial solutions, Inc 2002). One disadvantaged of selling the buildings is that, the company will receive a significant less amount of money than it had spent to put up the b uilding or to purchase it when it was still new. By leasing the building, the company will not have equal rights over the building like before and will be expected to maintain it in a good condition. The new owner has a right to terminate the lease agreement if the company messes around with it and will be expected to pay an additional charge to repair the building. In the long run, the company will pay a higher amount of money that the amount obtained at the time of sale (Spiritleo, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Leasing Buildings Advantages and Disadvantages specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More I would therefore advice the management of the company not to dispose the building because the long run benefits of maintaining it surpass the proceeds obtained from selling it. The building can also be used as collateral for borrowing loans from financial institutions which would otherwise be difficult if the comp any has no tangible assets. Reference List Anon. (2005). Advantages and disadvantages of lease financing for businesses. Allbusiness.com. Web. Anon. (2009). Leasing in Business- advantages and disadvantages. Web. Enterprise Financial solutions, Inc (2002). Advantages of leasing. Web. Spiritleo (2010). Advantages and disadvantages of leasing. Web. Wakelin, et al (2003). Leasing equipments for business. Web. This report on Leasing Buildings Advantages and Disadvantages was written and submitted by user Hug0 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Conjugate French Regular -IR Verbs

How to Conjugate French Regular '-IR' Verbs There are five main kinds of verbs in French: regular -er, -ir, -re, stem-changing, and irregular. Once youve learned the rules of conjugation for each of the first three kinds of verbs, you should have no problem conjugating regular verbs in each of those categories. Regular -ir verbs are the second-largest category of French verbs. Indeed, these verbs are often referred to as second conjugation verbs. The verb form that ends in -ir is called the infinitive, and -ir is the infinitive ending. (In English, by contrast, the infinitive is the verb preceded by the word to.) The French verb with the infinitive ending removed is called the stem or radical.   Conjugating Regular French -ir  Verbs To conjugate regular  -ir  French verbs, its best to run through an example, step by step. Conjugate the French word  choisir  (to choose), for example, by following these steps: Remove the infinitive ending (-ir)  to find the stem (also called the radical).Note that the stem- the verb without  the  -ir ending- is  chois.Add the appropriate simple conjugation ending/s shown in the table in the next section. Note that the conjugation table below does not include  the  compound tenses, which consist of  a form of the auxiliary verb  and  the past participle.  Choisir  normally requires the auxiliary verb  avoir  (to have) in  compound tenses and moods. For  example,  Jai  choisi  would  transelate  as I have chosen. But, if you were to extend the sentence, you would delete the  present perfect, as in:   Jai  choisi  deux  là ©gumes verts. I picked (chose) two green vegetables.   Example Conjugations To conjugate an -ir verb in the present tense, remove the infinitive ending and then add the appropriate endings. For example, here are the present tense conjugations for the regular -ir verbs  choisir,  finir  (to finish), and  rà ©ussir  (to succeed): Pronoun Ending choisir chois- finir fin- russir russ- Je -is choisis finis russis Tu -is choisis finis russis Il -it choisit finit russit Nous -issons choisissons finissons russissons Vous -issez choisissez finissez russissez Ils -issent choisissent finissent russissent Some Common French Regular -ir Verbs French regular -ir verbs, the second largest group of French verbs, share a  conjugation pattern. Here are just a few of the most common regular - ir verbs: Abolir  Ã‚  to abolishAgir  Ã‚  to actAvertir  Ã‚   to warnBà ¢tir  Ã‚  to buildChoisir  Ã‚  to chooseà ©tablir  Ã‚  to establishà ©tourdir  Ã‚  to stun, deafen, make dizzyFinir  Ã‚  to finishGrossir  Ã‚  to gain weight, get fatGuà ©rir  Ã‚  to cure, heal, recoverMaigrir  Ã‚  to lose weight, get thinNourrir  Ã‚  to feed, nourishObà ©ir   to obeyPunir  Ã‚  to punishRà ©flà ©chir  Ã‚  to reflect, thinkRemplir  Ã‚  to fillRà ©ussir  Ã‚  to succeedRougir  Ã‚  to blush, turn redVieillir  Ã‚  Ã‚  to grow old Exceptions: Irregular -ir Verbs Most of the French -ir verbs are regular verbs, which conform to the previously discussed rules for conjugation. Its important to keep in mind that there are a number of  irregular -ir verbs  in French. These verbs can be tricky, but there is some good news: Only about 50 irregular -ir verbs exist in French, and they have only 16 conjugations. To simplify things further, most of those fall into just three groups. The first group of irregular  -ir  verbs is essentially conjugated like the verb  partir  (to leave).  This  group includes such verbs as: Consentir   to consentDà ©partir  Ã‚  to accordDormir   to sleep  Endormir  Ã‚  to put/send to sleep The second group consists of verbs that end in  s of these verbs include: Couvrir  Ã‚  to cover  Cueillir  Ã‚  to pick  Ã‚  Dà ©couvrir   to discoverEntrouvrir  Ã‚  to half-open In the third group, verbs such as  tenir  (to hold) and  venir  (to come) and their derivatives follow a shared conjugation pattern in the present tense. Note, however, a major difference in the compound tenses:  Venir  and most of its derivatives use  Ãƒ ªtre  as their  auxiliary verb, while  tenir  and its derivatives use  avoir. Wild Cards The remaining irregular  -ir  verbs dont follow a pattern.  You just have to memorize the conjugations for each of the following verbs separately. Luckily, they are among the most frequently used French verbs, so memorizing their conjugations is completely worth the trouble. They include: Acquà ©rir   to  acquire  Ã‚  Asseoir   to sitAvoir  Ã‚  to haveConquà ©rir   to  conquerCourir  Ã‚  to run

To what extent can a states promotion of its culture further its Essay

To what extent can a states promotion of its culture further its national interests and influence on the world stage - Essay Example In this case each country is seeking to prove its cultural heritage as a really valuable for the world’s success or even progress. Following this idea, the measure between the most or less influential countries of the world slowly becomes vague, so to speak. However, if the main features of such a discussion are that it is really the fact to keep in mind. Definitely, as Snow & Taylor (2008, p. x) admit, this kind of â€Å"primacy-of-culture perspective dominates much of our thinking about public diplomacy and calls for a more balanced perspective that takes into account cultural difference but also recognizes and utilizes influence universals.† Hereby, this question still remains to be answered. On the other hand, the truth of cultural diversity seems to be of less concern for powerful countries of the world inclined more and more to impose their cultural peculiarities along with the way of living on other communities. Here comes a mere extent of imitation in a global scope. One of the most apparent examples is the American cultural influence. On the other hand, less people have an idea of cultural life in Jakarta, for instance. Needless to say, such cultural ideals are mostly stereotyped and have much of copyism. Foreign and Commonwealth Office (2008, p. 34) pays more attention to the following fact in terms of the cultural aspect: â€Å"Images of foreign countries are in fact part of the culture of the country that holds the perceptions: Japan’s image in China, for example, is part of Chinese culture, and vice versa.† Thus, countries are constantly trying to earn more appreciation from the rest of the world forgetting about some national priorities and, therefore, amplifying the need for the cultural promotion as it is. Everyone desires to look well or even better before the rest. Thereupon, countries urge for better reputation in order to show their status in the world arena. Once such

Organisation Analysis and Design Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organisation Analysis and Design - Case Study Example ALCAN Management made significant improvements in terms of teamwork, employee involvement and development of cooperative relations with trade unions. However, it is clear from a claim made by a maintenance engineer that they were â€Å"treated like shit† that ALCAN was treating people as â€Å"means† as â€Å"categories of status and function rather than as individuals†. This behavior had the consequence of destroying the meaning of work itself, failing to recognize and utilize properly the organization’s most valuable resource. Organizations, and ALCAN was no exception, have paid dearly for these attitudes in the various forms of worker resistance, absenteeism and complacency. 1.1 Organizational Structure Because Machine Bureaucracies are structures ridden with conflict, control systems are required to contain it. The magnified divisions of labor, horizontal and vertical, the strong departmental differentiation, the rigid distinction between line and staff, the motivational problems arising from the routine work of the operating core permeated the structure with conflict. The machine bureaucracy is typically found in the mature organization, large enough to have the volume of operating work needed for repetition and standardization and old enough to have been able to settle on the standards it wishes to use (Mintzberg, 1997;p120).

External and Internal Impacts on a Hotel

External and Internal Impacts on a Hotel Price is the sum of the values consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service and is the only marketing element that produce revenue. Therefore managers must have an understanding of price in order to formulate their pricing strategies. Pricing strategy integrates marketing and finance in an attempt to create mutual satisfaction to both buyer and seller. The product or service attributes must be combined with price to provide enough value to satisfy customers while enabling the firm to cover costs and make an adequate profit. There are several factors that the hotel must consider when setting the prices. These factors are categorized in two groups: internal and external factors. Internal factors: Marketing objectives: the hotel must select a product strategy before establishing the price. The strategic decisions on market positioning have a major influence on price thats why the hotel should be clear about its objectives in order to set the prices easier. These objectives are: Survival is used when the economy slumps or a recession is going on. The hotel in this case can cut the rates to create the best cash flow. Current profit maximization: many companies want to set a price that will produce the maximum current profit, cash flow and seeking for financial outcomes rather than long-run performance. Market-share leadership: when companies believe that a company with the largest market share will eventually enjoy low costs and high long-run profit, they set low opening rates and strive to be the market-share leader. Product-quality leadership: hotels like Grecotel chain charge a high price for their high-cost products to capture the luxury market. Other objectives are: stabilize market, create excitement for new product and draw more attention. Marketing mix strategy refers to the coordination of price with product design, distribution and promotion decisions in order to form an effective marketing program. A hotel should consider all marketing mix decisions together when developing a marketing program. Costs: all companies set their prices in order to cover their costs and to make profit. The hotel needs to charge a price that covers its costs for producing, distributing and promoting the product. Costs take two forms, fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs are costs that remain the same no matter of the sales level of a hotel, such as depreciation, insurance, interest, rent, salaries, and wages. Variable costs are costs that change with the level of production, such as raw material, distribution costs, energy usage and labor. Organizational considerations: management should decide who within the hotel should set the prices. Usually in small hotels the top management is the one who will take the decisions about the prices. On the other hand, large hotels have a revenue management department and its responsibility is to set the prices and to coordinate with the departments that influence price. External factors: Nature of the market and demand: costs set the lower limits of prices and the market and demand set the upper limit. Consumers and buyers use to balance the products price against the benefits it provides and this is the reason why the marketers before setting the prices must understand the relationship between price and demand for a product. Marketers before setting the prices should consider also the following elements that are related with market and the demand: The hotel can use cross-selling, which is the encouragement of a customer who buys a product to buy a related or complementary product. Up-selling is another technique that the hotel can use and in order to do that the hotel must train the sales and reservation employees to offer continuously a higher-priced product that will better meet the customer needs, rather than setting for the lowest price. Consumer perception of price and value: it is the consumer who decides whether a products price is right. When setting prices, the hotel must consider how customers perceive price and the ways that these perceptions affect customers buying decisions, that means that the price must be buyer oriented. The price decision requires a creative awareness of the target market and recognition of the differences between the buyers. Analyzing the price-demand relationship: the higher the price for a product or service is, the lower the demand for this product. Price elasticity of demand: the hotel must understand how responsive demand will be to a change in price. If demand hardly varies with a small change in price, the demand is inelastic, if demand changes greatly, the demand is elastic. Buyers are also less price-sensitive when the product is unique or when it is high in quality. Consumers are also less price-sensitive when substitute products are hard to find. In case that the demand is elastic the sellers tend to lower the prices in order to produce more revenue. There are several factors that affect price sensitivity: Unique value effect: creating the perception that your offering is different from those of your competitors avoids price competition. Substitute awareness effect: lack of the awareness of the existence of alternatives reduces price sensitivity. Business expenditure effect: when someone else pays the bill, the customer is less price-sensitive. End-benefit effect: when the price of the product accounts for a large share of the total cost of the end benefit, the consumers are more price-sensitive. Total expenditure effect: the more you pay for a product, the more sensitive you are for the products price. Sunk cost effect: purchasers who have an investment in products that they are currently using are less likely to change for price reasons. Price quality effect: consumers usually equate the price with the quality of a product, especially in case that the buy the product for first time. Competition: the hotel should consider the prices and offers that the competitors have before deciding its own pricing. The hotel should make a research and collect information for the existing hotels and other hospitality establishments in the area, as concern their prices and the products that they offer. Other environmental factors: economic factors such as inflation, boom or recession and interest rates affect pricing decisions. Meeting new government regulations can cause costs to increase or governments can streamline processes, reducing costs. Companies set prices by selecting a general pricing approach that includes the following: Cost Based Prices Competition Based Pricing Prestige Pricing Market-Skimming Pricing Market Penetration Pricing Product Bundle Pricing Volume Discounts Discounts Based on Time of Purchase Discriminatory Pricing Explain briefly the different strategies with examples from the hospitality industry. Cost based pricing is a method in which a fixed sum or a percentage of the total cost is added to the cost of the product to arrive at its selling price. For example, in hotels the F B manager use this method in order to decide the selling price for wines. They usually multiply the cost of the wine by 3 to make its selling price. A wine that is cost 20à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬*3=60à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ is the price that the hotel is going to sell the wine. Competition based pricing is a price set by a company for a product to compete other companies pricing, with less attention paid to own costs or the customer demand. The hotel may charge the same, more or less than its competitors. An example here is same category hotels which offer similar products and services, compete each other by offering better prices in order to attract more guests. Prestige pricing is a pricing strategy in which prices are set at a high level, recognizing that lower prices will slow down the sales but on the other hand consumers will associate a high price for the product with higher quality. High quality hotels and restaurants use this method of pricing in order to support their position as luxurious and elegant and these establishments usually targeted in a higher level market which interested in superior services. In case that the establishment lowers its prices, there is a great possibility to lose its customers. Market skimming pricing is a pricing approach which is setting a high price when the market is price-sensitive to attract buyers with a strong desire for the product and the resources to buy it. This pricing method is used more in industries with high research and development costs such as computer firms. An example in hospitality industry is the hotels in Araxova during the winter season. In that period, hotels are setting higher prices because the demand for snow activities is higher, knowing that the strong desire for these activities will lead the consumers to pay. Market penetration pricing is a method which is setting lower initial price to penetrate the market quickly and deeply, attracting many buyers and winning a large market share. For example a new hotel can open with lower prices than its competitors in order to attract more guests. Product bundle pricing is a strategy in which various products sold to a customer together and are offered in a price less than the sum of the prices of the products sold individually. An example here is when a hotel sells weekend packages in special prices which include room and meals. Volume discounts is a method used most from the hotels in which hotels have special rates to attract customers who are likely to purchase a large quantity of hotel rooms, either for a single period or throughout a year. For example, hotels usually offer special prices to corporate meeting planners. In such cases hotels can give the rooms with lower rates or make a deal with the meeting planner in every 20 rooms booked one is free. A discount based on the time of purchase is a price reduction to buyers who purchase goods when the demand is lower. For example a hotel offers seasonal discounts in periods where the demand is lower in order to keep demand steady during the year. Discriminatory pricing often involves discrimination on the bases of race, religion, age or gender. Segmentation of the market and pricing differences based on price elasticity characteristics of the segments. In discriminatory pricing the company sells a product at two or more prices, although the difference in price is not based in cost. It maximizes the amount that each customer pays. For example a hotel can sell the same room in different prices depend on several facts: if a guest is a repeater usually the hotel offer a lower price for the room, if a guest book a room for first time may the hotel charge the room in a higher price, if a guest book two or more rooms the hotel usually gives better prices for the room. In the hospitality industry we have numerous examples of price discrimination.

Marissa Nunez Essay

1.Marissa Nunez had been working for two years at McDonald’s when she wrote â€Å"Climbing the Golden Arches†. This experience had many effects on her. For example; she learned many things like you have to start from the bottom to work your way up to the top. She learned this because from working at McDonald’s, there are many things that need to be done. Sometimes, you have to fill in for someone, even if that isn’t your position so it is best to know all of the jobs at the business . 2.Marissa found many work experiences to be useful for situations in the future. For example; many customers can be very rude and mean. One customer called her a name, and told her to mind her own business when all Marissa was trying to do was help her. Even though the customer called her a bad name and was giving her trouble, she kept quiet and got the manager to deal with the situation. If she said something to the customer, she would have gotten into trouble. This shows that she knows how to handle situations and sometimes it is best to keep your mouth closed because its not worth losing your job over. 3.By working at McDonald’s, Marissa hopes to become a manager at McDonald’s. To achieve this goal, Marissa plans on continuing to attend the class that is required. In this class she gets observed on how well she deals with customers, and then gets a grade on how well she does. Marissa also has to take an exam to become a manager. By doing all of these things, Marissa can achieve her goal of being manager. Words and Figures of Speech: 1.Marissa puts â€Å"battle of the sexes† in quotation marks because it is the name of a game. 2.In connection with restaurant work, the word station means a part of the restaurant. For example; in the reading a station is the grill, then the cash register. 3.The word â€Å"Arches† in the essay title, means that someone’s career goals have many ups and downs leading to the goal but you have to work through it to be successful. â€Å"Golden† means the good things that happen while you’re working your way up to the top to your goal. 4.In this essay, Marissa defines â€Å"fun† as the store being closed for remodeling, and the grand opening was about to happen. Another example of  Ã¢â‚¬Å"fun† to Marissa was having a â€Å"battle of the sexes† at work. This shows that she really loves work, and the people that she works with.

Suffolk County Legislators

Today, we are in an age where local government is extremely important. Each county of every state has elected legislators that represent town throughout that county. I have selected two legislators which are both republican. The first is Cameron Alden a 49 year old man that represents the greater Bay Shore Area. He is also on the Conservative and Independence lines. The second legislator is Angie Carpenter, a very nice lady, that represents West Islip. Cameron Alden was born on August 28, 1950, in Bay Shore and grew up in Islip, Long Island, New York. He graduated Islip High School in 1968, where he played varsity football, basketball and baseball. Mr. Alden graduated from Suffolk County Community College in 1970 with an AA degree. He was a member of the SCCC varsity baseball team. Mr. Alden graduated from Dowling College in 1974. He was a member of the Pi Alpha Sigma Honor Society and played varsity basketball and golf Mr. Alden attended Tuoro Law School, graduating in 1990 with a Juris Doctor. He was admitted to the New York State Bar in 1991. (www.co.suffolk.ny.us) Prior to attending Law School he was a local Bay Shore business owner. A catering/grocery store and school bus companies were among those he owned. (www.co.suffolk.ny.us) Alden chose community-development work after undergoing a mastectomy during a bout with male breast cancer in law school, which â€Å"totally changed my focus† to an interest in public service.(Interview) He practiced law at the Town of Islip Community Development Agency, which provides affordable housing and economic development projects in the Town of Islip. He is a former Assistant Town Attorney for the Town of Islip. Cameron Alden was elected to serve as a Legislator for the Tenth District and sworn into office January 2, 1998. Legislator Alden has been selected by his colleagues to serve as Vice-Chairman of the Parks/Land Preservation and Planning Committee. In addition Legislator Alden is a member of the Energy/Environment and Transportation, Health and Human Services, Public Works, and Finance Committees. (www.co.suffolk.ny.us) The 10th Suffolk County Legislative District (L.D.) serves Islip, East Islip, Bay Shore and Brentwood. There are 52 election districts (E.D.s) with 33,058 registered voters. (www.co.suffolk.ny.us) Alden says his primary focus would be to ease the burdens on taxpayers. A critic of the LILCO-LIPA deal, Alden admits he does not yet have many specific legislative initiatives but says he is the better candidate because his fiscal policies would be more conservative. (Interview) Currently Cameron is working on a proposed bill that would support the elimination of taxes on clothing in Suffolk county. This proposed bill would enable signs 6to be erected throughout Nassau asking consumers to come shop in Suffolk due to its no lax bill as long as the clothing items are under one hundred and ten dollars. He has also worked on such other bill like trying to raise the salaries of Suffolk county legislators because he fells they are underpaid. Mr. Alden does not really receive a large amount or Pac money from anyone but he does have many supporters. These supporters include the Police and other safety bureaus and also many factory unions. (Interview) Angie Carpenter was born on Long Island in the mid fifties and is currently happily married and a mother of two. (Interview) Angie's dedication to the community is what led to her nomination to run for the Legislature, a position she has held since February 1993. (Interview) Legislator Angie M. Carpenter is founder of ACT Communications Group, a full-service advertising and marketing company specializing in multi-media graphic design and printing. The business is currently run by her sons Richard and Robert enabling her to devote her attention full-time to her duties as an elected official in Suffolk Government, but still affording her the opportunity to remain sensitive to the concerns of the business community. (www.co.suffolk.ny.us) Angie continues to devote her time and efforts to her community and constituents. As former Chairman of the Legislature's Economic Development and Education Committee, Angie Carpenter worked to bring the Touro School of Health Services to downtown Bay Shore which is opening early in 1999. She has worked tirelessly to increase aid to Suffolk Community College, and led the fight to cut tuition costs so that the college is affordable for all of our residents. (www.co.suffolk.ny.us) She continues in her role as an avid supporter of the college and is extremely proud of the fact that the fastest growing campus of Suffolk County Community College is in her legislative district. Angie worked from the beginning, to see the construction of the $54 million-dollar Health and Technology Building scheduled to be completed in the Fall Semester of 2000 (Interview). Angie has almost served every committee during her tenure on the Suffolk County Legislature. Currently Angie is serving as the Legislature's Budget Committee Chairman, and Vice Chairman of the Public Safety Committee. She continues to serve as a member of the Economic Development and Education Committee, Budget Committee, Consumer Protection, Labor and Investigations, and Veterans and Seniors, as well as the Public Safety Committee, Parks, Planning and Land Preservation Committee, the Health and Human Service Committee, Sports Committee, and the Public Works Committee. (www.co.suffolk.ny.us) In the past, Angie has helped in implementing a mass transportation public information program for Suffolk County, enacted a linked Deposit Program to promote local business expansion, directed the County Health Department to provide free testing for prostate cancer and cosponsored a resolution to provide environmentally safe golf course management to help protect our groundwater and hopefully help reduce the risk of breast cancer. (www.co.suffolk.ny.us) She has made efforts to invest in the county†s Timber Point Golf Course to maximize its economic potential and preserve jobs for the county workers employed there. (Interview) Most recently, Angie co-sponsored legislation to rollback sales tax on clothing and shoe purchases under on hundred and ten dollars per item. Angie has also sponsored a resolution to â€Å"boot† the vehicles of deadbeat parents that are not complying with the child support payments. This â€Å"booting† of cars is huge lock that goes over the tire and wheel and makes automobile impossible to drive. A resolution that Angie sponsored last year now requires the Suffolk County Health department to hold annual Public Hearing and Health Fair. This gives government an opportunity to hear first hand from our residents about the County†s health care delivery system and also raises public awareness or what is available. (Interview) Over the years, Angie's commitment to her community has been recognized time and again with honors from Islip Town, Boy Scouts of America, Loyal Order of the Moose, The American Legion, Pronto, Zonta International, the West Islip and Bay Shore School Districts and Suffolk County Arts Council, to name a few. She has been involved in the community as President and founder of the Chamber Council of Islip Town, President of the West Islip Chamber of Commerce, Vanderbilt Museum Trustee, Board of Our Lady of Consolation, Salvation Army, Youth Enrichment Services and ASK US (an after school care program in West Islip). (www.co.suffolk.ny.us) Angie has dedicated her efforts to the growth and expansion of business here in Suffolk. She has brought education to the forefront as one of the many issues addressed under her leadership, and continues her unwavering commitment to her family, community, and those she was elected to serve. (www.co.suffolk.ny.us) She receives her support from many people including the Police, the Suffolk County UNE, and many other unions countywide. (Interview) Legislators, Cameron and Angie are very willing to do what their people are asking for and sacrifice a lot of their time to make their residents happy. In my own opinion I think Angie Carpenter is a better Legislator than Cameron Alden because I feel Angie had sponsored and produced more bills than he has and in my eyes she is a nicer and more heart worthy person.