Management and Organisational Behaviour Coursework

Management and Organisational Behaviour - Coursework Example Last but not the least, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my family and friends who’ve willingly supported me throughout this report work. Management Approach towards an Open Organizational System by †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦student name†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.date†¦. ABSTRACT This report highlights the impact of external factors on organizational behaviour and management of the organization. It includes the Open System Model, political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal analysis of TESCO PLC. It also explains the division of work in an organizational structure. It critically evaluates the work diversification model which is being exercised by TESCO PLC and its subsequent effects. It thoroughly examines the multi cultural factors that are impacting the organization. Investigation of challenges like consumer behaviour shift, changed societal mind set, employee related government laws, changing norms and market trends, and variable economic conditio ns faced by the management and strategic department of TESCO Public Limited is also included along with the measures that have been taken to confront them. Table of Contents Statement of submission†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦02 Acknowledgement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.03 Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..04 Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦05 Management approach towards an open organisational system†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦06 a. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦06 b. An open model system†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦06 c. TESCO PLC- an introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....07 PESTEL analysis of TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....08 Division of work at TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦..12 a. What is division of work†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......12 b. Work division model implemented in TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....13 c. Analysis of work division at TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 d. Organisational chart of TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..........14 Culture at TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦15 a. Cultural characteristics of TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....15 b. Factors influencing its organisational culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ..15 Current organisational struggling scenario of TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......................16 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....17 Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....18 References...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 Management Approach towards an Open Organisational System Introduction: An Open System Model: Before analysing the management’s approach towards an organisation, let us first define an open system and its relation with

Employment Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Employment Relations - Essay Example Therefore, this present study seeks to critically evaluate this premise in order to establish whether it is a valid truth or not. While evaluating this statement, relevant theories and evidence with respect to the different formats of employee involvement and participation will be looked analysed, and additionally, some quote examples will be presented in order to illustrate the arguments presented within the paper. To begin with, it is critical to define the three key terms that appear on the title of this essay and this include employee involvement, which has been described by Blyton and Turnbull (2004), as the creation of an environment within the workplace whereby employees have an impact on the actions and decisions that relate with their roles and responsibilities. Bach (2005) on his part described employee involvement as the equal participation of workers in the decision making of how work is to be done, improvement of work performance, setting of objectives, planning and moni toring of their work performance. Secondly, Blyton and Turnbull (2004) described employee participation as a part of employee involvement that is intended to provide workers with the opportunity to influence and in certain circumstances play an active role in the decision making process of issues that affects them. As for employee empowerment, Ezzamel and Willmott (1998) simply defined it as a manipulation tool or management control that is critical in the attainment of full organisational potential. Alternatively, Bach (2005) described employee empowerment as management strategies for sharing decision-making power between the management and the employees. Employee involvement and participation does not empower employees It is noted that in the writings by Bach (2005) the term ‘empower’ means giving power to another party and hence giving the same party some form of independency. The statement suggests that employee do not gain power through involvement and participatio n in the work processes that includes the decision making process. Edwards and Wajcman (2005) lamented that the acts of involvement and participation do not transfer power to the employees. This is because it is still the powerful managers who get to decided and even design how employees will be involved in the actions and decision that relate to their job and to what extent they can participate in the decision making process within an organisation. Therefore, from the simple fact that powerful managers are the ones who get to set the extent or design of employee involvement and participation it definitely means that employees do not even have an actual power in their involvement and participation since it is the managers who set these on their own terms. From the definition of the term employee involvement and participation, it is evidently clear that in the strategies, employees are only meant to contribute or state their opinions or views regarding matters that affect their jobs. Therefore, it is not as if they are taking full charge of matters affecting their jobs, which could have meant that they are fully empowered through involvement and participation. Hyman and Mason (1995) further added that by contributing to a process it means that one does not have full control over the process. With reference to the writings by Lashley (2001), he argued that in the current

Using Social Media And Youth Marketing

Using Social Media And Youth Marketing Social media is the use of web-based and mobile technologies for social interaction, using highly accessible and scalable communication techniques. Social media marketing is a growing industry and Selling brands online can be a tricky task, but done right it can be quite successful. Youth Marketing is a term used in marketing and advertising industry to describe activities to communicate with young people, in the age range of 12 to 34. This youth market can further be classified into Tween Marketing, targeting people in the 8 to 12 year-old range, Teen Marketing, targeting people age 13 to 19, College Marketing, targeting college-age consumers, typically ages 18 to 21, Young Adult Marketing, targeting young professionals, typically ages 22 and above.The youth market is critical because of the demographics buying power as the members in this group have huge influences on the spending of family members. In addition, teens and young adults often set trends that are adopted by other demographic groups. DISCUSSION So in terms of being smart about social media marketing, a brand needs to be smart and ready to be held accountable for its product but its interaction within the social media realm. Social networking and smart phones will play an all-important role in the youth marketing and media trends, as they have become part of the youth lifestyle and culture. The following trends will make it easy to see why they are and will continue to be a dominant force in the youth market: 1.  Ã‚     Social media: More youth have become addicted to social networking and more companies targeting the youth through this means, due to its great viral effect. 2.  Ã‚     Smartphone: Standard phones cannot fully cater to the online and social networking craving of the youth and, as more companies and universities introduce policies that limit the use of social networking sites during the day/working hours, this has led to more youth jumping onto the Smartphone bandwagon as a means of countering these restrictions. And these phones can be used for various kinds of marketing. 3.  Ã‚     Apps : With Apple alone having over 300 000 applications to choose from over one million apps downloaded in one day and with all the new apps for the tablets, we can expect 2011 to be a year of apps. 4.  Ã‚     BBM: BlackBerry Messenger has taken the youth market by storm. The youth love sharing and staying connected and this is what BBM does, enabling them to share through instant messaging (IM). 5.  Ã‚     Mobile commerce: The youth are getting big on cell phone banking and making payments via their cell phones. 6.  Ã‚     Mobile learning: The increase in the number of youth with Smartphone and the increase in the time spent online will lead to more businesses ,institutions and educational heads looking into conveying some of their products and educational material through cell phones 7.  Ã‚     Online advertising: Online advertising, targeting the youth, from both local and international perspectives have increased by leaps and bounds. Consequently, we can expect to see an increase in online advertising spend targeting the youth. 8.  Ã‚     Corporate social websites: There will be a rise in website integration for companies or brands that are targeting the youth market. Previously, websites were all about the company; however, the new shift has seen a change to cater to the dialogue with the youth and encourage them mostly to follow through Twitter feeds and connect through Facebook fan pages. 9.  Ã‚     Blogging: We will see the rise in the number of youth bloggers, who will post opinions about products and brands, and, with this kind of social activism will go on the rise, and also word of mouth along with viral marketing will show its importance.This is really going to keep a lot of companies on their feet. 10.  Ã‚     Tablets: All youths who are tech-savvy and could afford, the likes of the Apple iPad and the Blackberry Playbook will give rise to the social media marketing. With Hewlett-Packard announcing its own webOS-based PalmPad, we can be sure to expect a decrease in price of the gadgets on the local market and more youth being able to afford and taking up these gadgets. 11.  Ã‚     Wifi hot spots: Wifi hotspots will attract more youth as they strive to stay connected, even when they are out and about. We are therefore going to see more cafes and restaurants catering to this by enabling wifi on their premises. 7 key youth marketing trends to look out for: #1Free is a viable business model: Given the increasingly challenging task of reaching out to young consumers, more brands consider the free route (eg ad supported or cross-selling).Youth indifference may well prove to be a brands most significant cost factor so offering a service for free with the promise of cross-selling related services may well provide the first tentative steps in addressing that challenge. #2 Transparency: Some of the innovative brands, however, are going long on being transparent about their values and mistakes when communicating with youth. Consumers are tired of being both whitewashed and stonewalled. In an era when youth expect access and brands are willing to provide it, the company CEO that appears on YouTube confessing theyd screwed up may lose a few investor friends, but wins the long term hearts and minds of the consumer. #3 Facebook fatigue: Its now all about 30 somethings in the world of Facebook. Youth are already exploring new avenues more relevant to their lifestyle such as Bebo. Do we yet have a student specific SNS?MySpaces partnership with MTV to platform young musical talent from the social network is a PR victory in the face of a Facebook population disillusioned with their parents and corporates hijacking the party. #4 The rise of the moderates: Individually, most students have a moderate and parochial political outlook these days, more concerned with the price of their Bacardi Coke than any ethical questions that may come served with it. But now this swell of moderate opinion has become a determined movement. #5 Inner circle brands: Once young consumers were thought to be naÃÆ' ¯ve and persuadable. Then they were savvy, fickle and cynical to brand messages.Recent research by Opinionpanel discovered a maximum of twenty brands that students were willing to be Facebook But there is also space in the inner circle for maverick brands who dont give a damn for high-level marketing approaches. In #6 Its cool to be a suit: In the eyes of the young, businesspeople were once the least cool people in the world. Now its okay to want to be a suit. #7 Youth turn off the box: The current generation of young consumers is perhaps the first that have had real choice in their media consumption. TV, is increasingly being squeezed out by other distractions. Facebook, MySpace, WII, homework, after-school activities, commuting and just good old hanging out with friends compete with TV for youth attention. And its not just the decreasing time spent watching TV, its the quality of that time. According to the Kaiser Family Foundation, 25% of high school students were actively involved in another form of media (playstation, computer etc) whilst watching TV. Ways to target Youth using Social Media Make the message fit the venue-advertising usually involves one way communication and marketing involves creating, communicating and delivering. The goal is to get the eyeball and attention and keep it until the sales pitch for a product or a service is received. Social media involves interaction among its users. The message should not be a hard sell; it needs to get people talking. Be familiar with social networks-To understand the taste of youth and their liking it is very important to go to different groups and see what the users are talking about and how they say it. Know what groups are the most popular with youth and learn how they interact. Learn the common terms that are used. Use links to ads to spread advertisement messages-dont fill the posts with hard sell advertisements. Use low key banner ads on the social page and have all links going to the companys main pages that youth are interested in. Join groups-to get some exposure, you will need to join groups or become fans of groups that the target audience are joining. Post and get to know the members. People are more likely to listen about a product or service from someone they feel like they know before they listen to a stranger. For e.g.: If there is a page dedicated to Airtel on facebook and one of the target groups member is a member of the group as well then it becomes easy to understand and know his likings and temperament. Size doesnt matter-it doesnt matter if you are a small business or a large business, you can use social medias to target youth. As being a part of social media doesnt require much investments.Give them something of value, entertaining, and fun. Any size business is capable of that. Post pictures-post fun and entertaining pictures that relate to the product or service. Encourage others on the page to do the same.This kind of activities garner lots of attention thus creating potential fan following. Be active on the social media page-there is usually someone on staff who will be willing to be paid to get on Facebook or other social medial for about a half hour or so daily and keep up on comments. Choose someone who is familiar with how social media works and can speak the same language as the youth audience that is being targeted. CONCLUSION The fitness landscape that determines success in marketing to young consumers is changing. 10 years ago, the TV provided the de facto advertising channel to win the hearts and minds of this often difficult to reach demographic. Since 2007 alone, the rise of social networking, flat rate data plans both on mobile and internet as well as a widespread growth in niche media content means that marketers are now increasingly challenged when it comes to both communicating with and understanding youth. Young peoples relationship with technology is different to what many marketers might assume. Though immersed in tech from an early age, Circuits of Cool found the majority dont even notice technology is there, and only 20 percent can really be classified as tech lovers. They dont use technological jargon such as Web 2.0 and social media, as these terms are primarily used by adults to categorize and define the shifts in trends. They simply use music download and connect with friends to refer to these activities and behaviors.Linear TV is the critical channel for introducing people to new things they werent searching for in the first place. TVs word-of-mouth (WOM) effect is definitely complementary to other new digital platforms: 47 percent of youth surveyed IM each other about what is on TV right now. One can argue that for marketing messages to cut through the clutter, strategies must focus on identifying a need-based behavioral pattern rather than simply incorporating digital technology as panacea.To effectively behavioral target this group, the platform must expand beyond current online domain to become a true transmedia to match a copy-and-paste consumption of mixing on- and offline media.

Great Gatsby’s Commentary on the American Dream Essay -- Literary Ana

There are times when reality falls short of expectations, and when individuals fail to live up to their ideals. The quest to attain what we really want can be an all-encompassing one, requiring all of our devotion and effort. It is especially painful to see others possess what we cannot have. For the characters in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby these problems are all too real. Gatsby works for a lifetime to gain back what he feels is rightfully his, while facing the crushing realization that he may be too late. Fitzgerald uses this futile search to introduce the idea that the idealized America Gatsby fought for has been corrupted over time. Descriptions of a land of picket fences and middle class freedom is exchanged for one based on greed and lies, where characters will stop at nothing to obtain what they desire. Fitzgerald provides a window into the American Dream, and shows that it has become one based on immorality and deception. Although the marriage of Daisy and Tom Buchanan may have been based on love and devotion, it, like the American Dream as a whole, has been corrupted to become disingenuous and predatory. Tom and Daisy are two people who are content with the somewhat platonic relationship they share, and acquire a child like they would a diamond necklace, a display of affection rather than in the interest of starting a family. One of the first indications that readers receive that the marriage is unhealthy is when Tom interrupts dinner to take a call from his mistress. This event fails to cause a stir in the household, and is merely brushed off by Jordan, who finds fault with the annoying time of the interruption rather than its meaning. Taking on the removed role usually filled by Nick, she comments that Tom’s mist... ... centers on the hollow characters of the East and their careless and senseless ways of living. Fitzgerald uses his work to provide a social commentary on the nature of America and the condition of the American Dream as it pertains to society in the 1920’s. By using characters like Nick as outsiders to the Eastern world of wealth and sophistication, he is able to provide readers a glimpse into the glamorous life that the Buchanans lead, yet also reveal their flaws. The inclusion of Gatsby also aids in the creation of the image of the American Dream as one grounded in lies and infidelity. Where some may see the promise of America to be the ability to gain a large estate on Long Island, Fitzgerald shows that this is not enough, that the true dream is the ability to not care about the messes one makes, and to be able to leave them to someone else to be cleaned up.

Abraham Lincoln: Civil War President Essay

â€Å"I am naturally anti-slavery. If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong.† Abraham Lincoln What seems to be very superficial about the nature and character of Abraham Lincoln proves to be quite profound after an extensive investigation of his life. Mystifying his contemporaries and modern historians alike, the numerous volumes of scholarly research over the past 150 years is evidence of the challenges incidental to unraveling the complexities of the man many refer to as the â€Å"great emancipator.† Richard Carwadine’s Lincoln: A Life of Purpose and Power and William Gienapp’s Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America present excellent biographical research that contrast and compliment their subject and describe the extenuating circumstances that only adds to Lincoln’s complexity. Carwadine’s research â€Å"covers familiar ground but sets itself apart by focusing closely on questions about Lincoln’s political ambition and agenda and his exercise of power.† See more: The stages of consumer buying decision process essay The American public is quick to judge their presidents while assessing their achievements critically and without reserve. Carwadine argues that Lincoln’s â€Å"great achievement was to set ambitious but realizable political goals; to fathom the thinking of ordinary citizens and to reach out to them with uncommon assurance; and to hone his impressive skills as a manager of the often unstable and fractious elements that made up the political parties to which he belonged.† [2] Gienapp’s â€Å"primary ambition is to show how the green, upstart president handled the four years of crisis†¦and how he became such an extraordinary war leader.†[3] The transformation from his humble origins as a rail-splitter to masterful politician and leader of the nation appears to simply defy explanation. However, Lincoln remains and enigma for many people. He is confusing, difficult to understand, and by many accounts, appears to be incapable of executing the simplest of tasks. Yet, this is the wonder of Lincoln’s character and what makes him appealing to so many. â€Å"His ambition—and particularly his hunger for public recognition—had been evident from his young manhood in the early 1830s.† [4] Obviously, in order to develop a greater understanding of who Abraham Lincoln was, one must take a brief look into his childhood. Modern psychologists might suggest that Lincoln’s family was very dysfunctional. His father’s constant relocation of the family and never seeming to be satisfied to become more than a simple farmer, only contributed to the strained relationship between Lincoln and his father. Most prominent people throughout history have often cited a parent, sibling, or other close relative or friend as having been a great influence on their life. Not so for Lincoln who upon losing his mother to milk sickness, went on to form a constructive and enduring bond with his stepmother. A remarkable woman, Sarah Bush Lincoln exerted an enormous influence on Abraham†¦who he called â€Å"Mama.† He later said that â€Å"she had been his best Friend in this world and that no Son could love a Mother more than he loved her.† [5] The same cannot be said of Lincoln’s relationship with his father, which at best was superficial and distant. When Lincoln received word of his father’s failing health and was requested to return home at once, Lincoln declined to come to his father’s side. When his father passed on, Lincoln did not attend the funeral. It was a testament to his feelings toward his father. And, if Lincoln had ever harbored any ill will or inner hatred about his father, he never let it be known. Lincoln seldom discussed his relationship with his father, let alone his family, and his reticence was quite characteristic of the man who would someday maintain the same trait as president. I would argue that their troubled relationship was the primary reason that â€Å"throughout his life, Abraham Lincoln keenly regretted the lack of educational opportunities in his youth.† [6] Lacking the stability of a consistent family life, Lincoln was not afforded the type of educational opportunities that most of his contemporaries enjoyed. On the upside, Lincoln possessed the strong individualistic spirit that was epitomized by the frontier that served to enhance his image. Most would consider his constant reading as idleness, or simply being down right lazy. But for Lincoln, spending time in his books not only gave him time alone, which he craved, it also provided him the opportunity to learn and instill the all important characteristic of self-improvement. Not being one to hold grudges, â€Å"Lincoln’s own experience of getting on in life tended to sharpen rather than to blur his meritocratic vision, though the process was complex.† [7] This philosophy would become the foundation for Lincoln’s outlook on life and would eventually transcend his presidency. Many of Lincoln’s contemporaries, and modern historians, have suggested his views of self have contributed to his melancholic approach to life in general and the fatalistic view that pervades his thought process. Lincoln believed â€Å"there was no freedom of will, that men had no free choice.† [8] Perhaps this explains Lincoln’s indifference toward his father and family. It may even further explain his apparent negativism and melancholy perspective on life’s events. Contrary to popular belief, however, â€Å"fatalism†¦did not always show itself negatively in Lincoln, since it sometimes seems to have given him the assurance he needed to persist in whatever course of action he believed had been thus ordained.† [9] While some scholars might determine Lincoln’s fatalist outlook would be a detriment to his abilities to lead the nation, especially during the Civil War, I would argue to the contrary; I believe it forced Lincoln to become more aware, more conscious, of his own ambitions and how he might individually impact society. Lincoln could become easily frustrated and moody, I believe, because of his strong desire to surpass his father’s legacy. Not only was he a man of convictions, Lincoln would continually strive to become someone of significance. Politics would become the avenue by which he could do just that. Gienapp argues â€Å"Lincoln’s greatest ambition had always been to serve in the Senate.† [10] He possessed a strong desire to serve humankind and had the fortune to establish himself as a politician. It was during his time in the Illinois legislature, and later, through his debates with Stephen Douglas over the extension of slavery, that Lincoln developed his political ideals that would aid him during the tumultuous times in the White House. Lincoln seemed to possess an innate sense for the understanding of his constituency and direction of public opinion. With the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he sensed a new moral outrage that existed not only in his home state of Illinois, but also throughout much of the northern United States. Although Lincoln had always maintained his distaste for the institution of slavery, â€Å"his moral passion now ran deeper as he shifted his primary focus from economic issues to slavery.† [11] The adoption of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 would give rise to the formation of a new anti-slavery party that would eventually become the Republican Party. When discussion over the repeal of the Missouri Compromise surfaced, Lincoln â€Å"avoided any discussion in his speeches of nativism, prohibition, or even economic issues†¦instead, he focused exclusively on the Kansas-Nebraska Act.† [12] It was at this time in his career that Lincoln was becoming a well-known and popular orator among the Illinois populace and was often invited to speak outside his congressional district. Lincoln used these opportunities to begin to formulate and promote his thoughts on slavery. Although much of his argument was based on earlier anti-slavery leaders, such as Salmon P. Chase, Lincoln presented them in an unusually effective manner. [13] I believe it was during this time period that Lincoln also began to sense that he was destined to accomplish something great for mankind. I do not, however, believe he had intentions of becoming president, or ending slavery outright, but there seems to have existed a spark that ignited a unique passion within Lincoln that had not existed previously. I believe he began to formulate his most inward thoughts and outwardly transform them to conform to public opinion. I must point out, however, that this did not mean Lincoln simply told the public what they wanted to hear, rather he possessed a unique skill in knowing when to reveal his opinions to the public and present them in a way that appealed to their common senses. Although not a charismatic speaker, Lincoln was enchanting and knew how to move a crowd. â€Å"It was at this point in his career that the Declaration of Independence became a significant component of Lincoln’s thought. Hailing it as the first precept of our ancient faith, he henceforth designated it (rather than the Constitution) as the nation’s founding charter.† [14] This change of direction would become instrumental in Lincoln’s upward advancement through the American political process and explain the reasons why, as president, he would expand the constitutional powers of the presidency through the justification that his actions were out of necessity for the preservation of the Union. Just how did Lincoln become president? For many students of history Lincoln is an enigma. By modern standards, his humble background, gangly physical features (altogether homely as described by some), and irritating speech would hardly present the kind of credentials necessary to win a party nomination, yet alone, presidential election. However, in 1860, presidents were normally selected based on their potential to govern. A candidate’s skills and abilities along with previous governmental experience were paramount to winning the party’s nomination, and hopefully, national election. Supporters were drawn to Lincoln’s nomination for the Republican Party as president. Lincoln was not a front-runner by any means. Yet his national notoriety and speeches on slavery, the 1858 Senatorial debates with Douglas, and pragmatic and humble nature manifest itself a grass-roots appeal among the party’s delegates that would help to propel him to the presidency. â€Å"America’s new mass democratic forms had put a premium on the electable, or available, candidate. A sequence of nominations in every presidential race since 1840 had shown that national political standing and proven executive ability came in a poor second to supposed electoral availability.† [15] There are several avenues of research to follow regarding Lincoln’s presidency. I will conclude my paper by looking at the constitutional issues surrounding his decision to emancipate the slaves in 1863. â€Å"One of Lincoln’s strengths as a war leader was that he always kept his focus on the larger questions, rather than becoming embroiled in personal disputes.† [16] From the onset, Lincoln made it clear that his intentions toward the Confederacy were to not interfere with slavery where it existed. He consistently maintained his opposition to the extension of slavery into the Western Territories. Despite his claims, eleven Southern states would secede from the Union and form the Confederacy. The question now before the president was what course of action is required to end the state of rebellion that existed in the Southern part of the United States. â€Å"The steps that Lincoln took during the early stages of the war showed an impressive and instinctive grasp of strategic essentials. He had three main objectives. He must nourish and sustain northern political support†¦do all in his power to strengthen the Unionist elements in the upper tier of slave states†¦prevent the war from becoming an international conflict.† [17] The slave question was the most difficult issue before the president. â€Å"Because he had no constitutional power to interfere with slavery in the states, and because he needed to retain the support of Border States and Democrats, Lincoln†¦repeatedly defined his policy as restoration of the Union—which of course meant a Union with slavery.† [18] The issues over emancipation were complex. The Confederacy was already using slaves as laborers in their war effort. If Lincoln were to emancipate escaped slaves that reached Union lines, they too could be used for service in the Union army and navy. However, Lincoln was reluctant to adopt such a policy for fear of losing the Border States. Secessionist movements already existed in Maryland and in the war’s early months, threatened to envelop Washington, D.C. and thus separate the nation’s capitol from the North. But as the war became a prolonged affair, Lincoln began referring to the term â€Å"indispensable means† to preserve the Union. [19] Determining what exactly this meant was left to Lincoln’s interpretation that his actions, or â€Å"means that under normal conditions would be deemed unnecessary, even extraconstitutional, might in extremis become an indispensable necessity to achieve a lawful end† [20] and as â€Å"field hands and military laborers, slaves gave the Confederates formidable strength. Extraordinary measures—emancipation by proclamation—had become the indispensable means to preserve the national existence.† [21] Unfortunately for Lincoln, the issuance of the proclamation was also political. Without any major Union victory on the battlefield, emancipation might appear to be a last-ditch effort at winning the war. By mid-1862, when Lincoln first formed the basis of the proclamation, the Union army had yet to win a decisive battle against the Rebels in the Eastern Theater. The president would appear to have no real backing for issuing the emancipation proclamation until a decisive victory had been won. That opportunity came in mid-September when Lee’s army was forced to retreat from Maryland after the battle of Antietam. Lincoln then took advantage of the Union â€Å"victory† and formally announced the proclamation on September 22, 1862. The emancipation proclamation would go into effect on January 1, 1863 and would only affect those slaves residing in Southern states that remained in rebellion. â€Å"With a stroke of the pen, Lincoln had changed the nature of the war. Both sides understood that the war had been fundamentally transformed, that the Union was no longer fighting to restore the old Union but to create a new one.† [22] Gienapp and Cawardine hold similar viewpoints in their overall assessment of Abraham Lincoln, however, their focus varies. In the scope of the Civil War, Gienapp concludes that Lincoln â€Å"became an accomplished and extraordinary president†¦had a sure sense of timing, knew when to stand firm and when to compromise, and displayed an absolute genius for getting individuals of diverse viewpoints to work together.† [23] There is nothing profound about his assessment and accurately represents the humble nature of Lincoln. Cawardine’s conclusion transcends Lincoln’s death that is embraced by what Henry Ward Beecher described as â€Å"a new impulse of patriotism.† [24] Furthermore, he â€Å"bequeathed an enhanced and ambitious nationalism to his successors†¦whose†¦practical policy grew from a strong sense of moral purpose and his course as president was shaped not by impulsive, self-aggrandizing action or self-righteousness, but by deep thought, breadth of vision, careful concern for consequences, and a remarkable lack of pride.† [25] Even though Lincoln may remain an enigma to modern historians, one is hard pressed to fail to recognize the fortitude and courage of a man so humble, so simple, so unqualified to be president, but to recognize he truly arrived at his life’s ambition—to be a humble servant of his fellow man. What a powerful testament and legacy Lincoln left for posterity. [1] Rasmussen, R. Kent. Library Journal. Vol. 131, Issue 20 (Dec., 2006), p. 181. [2] Carwardine, Richard. Lincoln: A Life of Purpose and Power. (New York: Knopf Publishing), 2003, p. x. [3] Gienapp, William. Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America. (New York: Oxford University Press), 2002, p. xi. [4] Carwardine, p. 3. [5] Gienapp, pp. 4-5. [6] Ibid., p. 5. [7] Carwardine, p. 19. [8] Guelzo, Allen. â€Å"Abraham Lincoln and the Doctrine of Necessity†. The Journal of Abraham Lincoln Association. Vol. 18, No. 1 (Winter, 1997), p. 57. [9] Ibid., p. 58. [10] Gienapp, p. 53. [11] Ibid. p. 50. [12] Ibid. [13] Ibid., p. 51 [14] Ibid. [15] Carwardine, p. 111. [16] Gienapp, p. 97. [17] Carwardine, p. 164. [18] McPherson, James. â€Å"How President Lincoln Decided to Issue the Emancipation Proclamation†. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. No. 37 (Autumn, 2002), p. 108. [19] Carwardine, p. 198. [20] Ibid. [21] Ibid., p. 207. [22] Gienapp, p. 125. [23] Ibid., p. 192. [24] Carwardine, p. 321. [25] Ibid. BIBLIOGRAPHY The journal articles and essays listed below provided a deeper understanding of Abraham Lincoln and were complimentary to the primary research materials for my paper. Each reading provided additional insight on Lincoln and served to enhance my completed paper. I’ve only cited direct quotes and ideas from individual articles while inferring generalizations from the complete works listed below. The following essays provide critical analysis of Lincoln’s overall approach to the political process through the examination of his personal views and attitudes to the political climate during the antebellum and Civil War years. Carwardine, Richard. â€Å"Lincoln, Evangelical Religion, and American Political Culture in the Era of the Civil War†. Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. Vol. 18, No. 1 (Winter, 1997), pp. 27-55. Rawley, James. â€Å"The Nationalism of Abraham Lincoln Revisited†. Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. Vol. 22, No. 1 (Winter, 2001), pp. 33-88. Siemers, David. â€Å"Principles Pragmatism: Abraham Lincoln’s Method of Political Analysis†, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Dec. 2004), pp. 804-827. The following essays offer a concise overview of Lincoln’s handling of emancipation and the issue of civil liberties for blacks; and the complications associated in dealing with the abolitionist movement and retention of Border States during his tenure in office. Berwanger, Eugene. â€Å"Lincoln’s Constitutional Dilemma: Emancipation and Black Suffrage. Papers of the Abraham Lincoln Association. Vol. 5 (1983), pp. 25-38. Gienapp, William. â€Å"Abraham Lincoln and the Border States†, Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. Vol. 13 (1992), pp. 13-46. Guelzo, Allen. â€Å"Lincoln and the Abolitionists†, The Wilson Quarterly (1976-), Vol. 24, No. 4 (Autumn, 2000), pp. 58-70. McPherson, James. â€Å"How President Lincoln Decided to Issue the Emancipation Proclamation†, The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 37 (Autumn, 2002), pp. 108-109. An in-depth examination of Lincoln’s alternative to the law of war is masterfully presented in Burrus Carnahan’s Act of Justice: Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky), 2007. Although there exists a great deal of scholarship on the question of constitutional authority and executive power, these listed below offered a succinct overview of the manner in which Lincoln answered his critics and charges of extending executive power beyond what was historically granted the president and its impact on the modern executive. Balz, Herman. â€Å"Abraham Lincoln and American Constitutionalism†, The Review of Politics. Vol. 50, No. 2 (Spring, 1988), pp. 169-197. Fehrenbacher, Don and Tudor, Jacob. â€Å"Lincoln’s Wartime Leadership: The First Hundred Days†, Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. Vol. 9 (1987), pp. 1-18. Guelzo, Allen. â€Å"Abraham Lincoln and the Doctrine of Necessity†, Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. Vol. 18, No. 1 (Winter, 1997), pp. 57-81. Hyman, H. M. â€Å"Abraham Lincoln, Legal Positivism, and Constitutional History†, Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. Vol. 13 (1992), pp. 1-11. Kleinerman, Benjamin. â€Å"Lincoln’s Example: Executive Power and the Survival of Constitutionalism†, Perspectives on Politics. Vol. 3, No. 4 (Dec., 2005), pp. 801-816. McLaughlin, Andrew. â€Å"Lincoln, the Constitution, and Democracy†, International Journal of Ethics. Vol. 47, No. 1 (Oct., 1936), pp. 1-24. Underwood, James. â€Å"Lincoln: A Weberian Politician Meets the Constitution†, Presidential Studies Quarterly. Vol. 34, No. 2 (Jun., 2004), pp. 341-365. Obviously, no study on Lincoln would be complete without the investigation into the conduct of the Civil War itself. The works listed below presented valuable insight into the challenges facing the newly elected president, the issues surrounding the restoration and Reconstruction of the nation, the origins of the development of the Union policy of total war, and lastly, the unique perspective of the manner in which the Southern soldier fought during the war. Donald, David. â€Å"The Confederate as a Fighting Man†, The Journal of Southern History. Vol. 25, No. 2 (May, 1959), pp. 178-193. Kaczorowski, Robert. â€Å"To Begin the Nation Anew: Congress, Citizenship, and Civil Rights after the Civil War†, The American Historical Review. Vol. 92, No. 1 (Feb., 1987), pp. 45-68. Ramsdell, Charles. â€Å"Lincoln and Fort Sumter†, The Journal of Southern History. Vol. 3, No. 3 (Aug., 1937), pp. 259-288. Sutherland, Daniel. â€Å"Abraham Lincoln, John Pope, and the Origins of Total War†, The Journal of Military History, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Oct., 1992), pp. 567-586. Scholarly research on the life and political career of Abraham Lincoln is nothing new. For my paper, the primary books selected for my research are not extraordinary, but serve to compliment the volumes of works dedicated to our nation’s sixteenth president. A well-known Civil War historian wrote one of my selected books while a non-American authored the second. I thought this would enhance my research that might present two varying biographical perspectives on Lincoln. I can honestly state that I was not disappointed by either work. Gienapp, William. Abraham Lincoln and Civil War. (New York: Oxford University Press), 2002. Carwardine, Richard. Lincoln: A Life of Purpose and Power. (New York: Knopf Publishing), 2003.

The More Important Consequence Of The Printing Press

The most important consequence of the printing press was the spread of know welled. Knowledge is one of the greatest aspects of power. Before Gutenberg invent ion of the printing press, other things had to be developed first. Language, writing hirer glyphs, the alphabet and then printing. Scribes would write a book by hand from the dicta action of of a scholar. Most citizens were uneducated while few actually had an education. Handwritten books were more expensive and rare so only the rich could own them. But eve en the rich were not smart enough to read books.The methods of book making were much qua kicker with the printing press and made the books cheaper and it could make more books in less time. Document one shows a group of men making a book. With uneducated men I abort was cheaper which made the price of the book decrease a lot. Because it took less time to make books, many could be produced. Without the printing press it would take year S to complete only one book. Now with th e printing press and books spreading throughout countries people are becoming more aware of what is going on around them.People are also b economy knowledgeable. In 1 500 the printing press spread to lower regions were more people lived (DOC. 2). This reflects on the Church. The Bible was the first book to be mass produced. Two hundred copies of the twofold Gutenberg Bible were printed. People could d buy the Bible and they didn't go to church anymore.